Metoda Pengujian Generator

Outline
• Kebutuhan Data
• Kebutuhan sinyal
• Pengujian Generator
Kebutuhan Data
• One-line diagram (circuit breaker, field supply, CT and PT’s etc.)
• Nameplate data for generator, turbine and exciter etc.
• Manufacturer generator data and curves
o reactance, time constants and winding resistances
o saturation and capability curves
• Site commissioning test records
• Brushless exciter (no load and load) characteristics
• Exciter and voltage regulator schematic and settings
• Turbine configuration, governor control logic and settings
• Exciter and governor models if available
• Constraints imposed on unit or plant operations
• These data are essential for:
o Preparing a detailed unit specific test plan
o Identifying the model structure to be used for each unit component
o Starting the curve fitting in model validation studies
Kebutuhan Sinyal
1. Generator stator voltages: VAB, VBC and VCA (PT ratio)
2. Generator stator currents: IA, IB and IC (CT ratio)
3. Field voltage (generator / brushless exciter) VF (range)
4. Field current (generator / brushless exciter) IF (shunts ratio)
5. Load/speed set point reference value (if available)
6. Wicket gate, needle, deflector, blade angle positions (hydraulic)
7. Turbine exhaust temperature (GT)
8. Fuel inlet valve position (GT)
9. Governor control and intercept valve positions (ST)
10. First stage HP turbine pressure (ST)
11. Other signals
 Pengujian
Pengujian Note Pengujian Note
Open Circuit Test Offline Maximum (Over) Excitation Limiter Online
Field Short-Circuit (T’do) Test Offline Test
Exciter Manual Step Test Offline Partial Load Rejection Test Online
Direct-axis Parameter Test Online Governor Step Response Test Online
Quadrature-axis Parameter Test Online Reactive Power Capability Test Online
V-curve Measurements Online Line Drop Compensation Test (VAr Online
Reactive Current Compensator Test Online Load Rejection Test I)
AVR Step Response Test Offline Steam Chest Time Constant Test Online
Volts per Hertz Limiter Test Offline Water Starting Time Test Online
Minimum (Under) Excitation Limiter Offline PSS Dynamic Performance Test Online
Test On-line Measurements Online
Open Circuit Test
• Purpose: To derive the generator saturation factors
• Test Procedure:
Operate the unit at full speed with no load (unit breaker G52 open)
Set the exciter in manual or auto, whichever lowers voltage
Reduce the generator voltage to 30%, or lowest value possible
Raise the generator voltage from 30% to 110% in 5% steps
Record Vt, Ifd, Efd, f (Hz)
Open Circuit Test
• Practical Issues:
Adjust AVR/MAN control range if necessary
Stop the test as the V/Hz limiter/protection is activated
Static exciter field flashing ends at 30% of rated voltage
Generator may remain being connected to the GSU
Ensure the generator is isolated from auxiliary load
Vibration (hydro unit), or overheating (steam turbine)
Hasil Open Circuit Test
Open Circuit Test
• Cara menghitung faktor saturasi
Field Short-Circuit (T’do) Test
• Purpose: To derive the generator d-axis transient open- circuit time
constant T’do
• Test Procedure:
Operate the unit at full speed with no load (breaker G52 open)
Set the exciter in Auto or Manual control
Adjust the generator terminal voltage within 90%~100%
Open the unit field breaker
Record Vt, Ifd, Efd, f (Hz)
Field Short-Circuit (T’do) Test
• Practical Issue:
Not applicable to a unit with a brushless exciter
No operator adjustment during data recording
Vibration and overheating concerns
Field Short-Circuit (T’do) Test
Field Short-Circuit (T’do) Test
• T’do can be determined from the generator armature voltage or field
current response recorded.
• T’do is the time in seconds for the armature voltage to decay to 1/e or
0.368 times the initial armature voltage.
• The value corrected to 75 °C (Hydro) or 100 °C (thermal) field winding
temperature should be reported.
• The time constant determined from the field short-circuit test is
dependent on the V-I characteristic of the discharge resistor and the
rotor winding temperature.
Exciter Manual Step Test
• Purpose: To derive the generator d-axis transient open-circuit time
constant T’do alternatively
• Test Procedure:
Operate the unit at full speed with no load (breaker G52 open)
Set the exciter in manual (field voltage / current regulator)
Record the generator field voltage or current at 100% voltage
Lower the generator voltage to 90%
Introduce a step of setting field voltage or current reference value back to its
value at 100% voltage
Record Vt, Ifd, Efd, f (Hz) until generator voltage settles
Exciter Manual Step Test
• Practical Issues:
Not applicable to a unit with a brushless exciter
10% or greater generator voltage change should be rendered
Exciter Manual Step Test
Direct-axis Parameter Test
• Purpose: To derive the generator d-axis reactance and time constants
• Test Procedure:
Synchronize the unit to the grid
Change the governor minimum load limit to 0 MW
Adjust the unit output to less than 1 MW & -25 % MVAR
Set the exciter in manual, or constant firing angle control
Defeat the regulator pre-set to prevent voltage running back
Record the generator rotor angle at this particular condition
Open the unit breaker to reject load
Direct-axis Parameter Test
• Practical Issues:
Generator field voltage should be held constant as much as practically
possible
Reverse power relay may need temporarily blocked
Exciter and turbine should not trip in the test
Direct-axis Parameter Test
Direct-axis Parameter Test
Direct-axis Parameter Test
Quadrature-axis Parameter Test
• Purpose: To derive the q-axis generator parameters
• Test Procedure:
Resynchronize the unit to the grid
Adjust the unit output to 20% of rated MW load
Set the turbine controller in speed droop or load control
Set the exciter manual, or constant firing angle control
Defeat the regulator pre-set to prevent voltage running back
Adjust machine field until the stator current aligns with the generator rotor q-
axis
Open the unit breaker to reject load
Quadrature-axis Parameter Test
• Practical Issues:
Generator field voltage should be held constant
Moderate over speed is expected in the q-axis test
Quadrature-axis Parameter Test
Quadrature-axis Parameter Test
Notes on Q-Axis Test:
1. Theoretically, the q-axis tripping condition can only be achieved when
the unit is operated at an under-excited condition
2. The q-axis position can be gauged by adding 90º to the generator rotor
angle recorded in the d-axis test tripping condition, or alternatively
indicated by the generator rotor angle being equal to the load angle
3. It may be difficult to align the stator current with the q-axis of a slow
rotating (multiple poles) machine
4. The over speed resulted from the test normally also causes field voltage
increase in rotating exciters
Gambaran pengujian D-axis dan Q-axis
V-curve Measurements
• Purpose: To derive the generator synchronous reactance Xd and Xq ,
and governor gate/valve characteristic as well as droop/regulation
etc.
• Test Procedure:
Operate the unit in parallel with the grid (G52 closed)
Take steady-state readings at various load levels (MW) and excitation levels
(leading, 0 and lagging MVAr), and record:
MW (%) MVAR (%) Vt (kV) Vf (V) If (A) Rotor Angle (Deg.) Load/Speed SP (RPM) Gate Position (%)

25

50

75
V-curve Measurements
Reactive Current Compensation Test
• Purpose: To verify current compensation setting and excitation
system model including AVR gain KA
• Test Procedure:
Adjust its output to 0 MW & -30 % MVAR
Set the exciter in AVR control
Change the governor minimum load limit to 0 MW
Open the unit breaker to reject load
Reactive Current Compensation Test
• Practical Issue:
AVR voltage pre-set, line voltage matching, or following control must be
disabled
Reverse power relay may need to be blocked temporarily

Note:
This test also serves as an alternative approach to exciter step response tests for
validating excitation system model parameters.
Reactive Current Compensation Test
AVR Step Response Test
• Purpose: To validate excitation system model parameters including
exciter ceiling voltage
• Test Procedure:
• Operate the unit at full speed no load (off-line)
• Set exciter in AVR control
• Apply a step change (5% typical ) to the AVR set point
• Repeat with a 10% step change, trying to hit the field voltage ceiling and floor
limits
• Record generator terminal voltage, field voltage, field current, AVR output
and available points of each AVR block
AVR Step Response Test
• Practical Issue:
Ensure no interference from any excitation limiters such as V/Hz limiter
AVR Step Response Test
Volts per Hertz Limiter Test
• Purpose: To verify the limiter setting and develop model if required
• Test Procedure:
Operate unit at full speed no load (off-line)
Set exciter in auto (AVR) control
Apply a large step into the AVR set point to observe the limiter response. The
duration of step change should be greater than the limiter time delay
Reduce the limiter setting to test its functionality if necessary
Alternatively, the V/Hz limiter can be tested by lowering unit speed while
maintaining the excitation constant
Volts per Hertz Limiter Test
Volts per Hertz Limiter Test
Minimum (Under) Excitation Limiter Test
• Purpose: To verify the limiter operating characteristic and dynamic
performance
• Test Procedure:
Operate the unit on line
Set the exciter in AVR control
Reduce generator field gradually until UEL is activated respectively at 0%,
25%, 50%, 75% and 100% megawatt load
Alternately, UEL may be bench tested using a relay test apparatus with UEL
isolated from the regulator
Minimum (Under) Excitation Limiter Test
• Practical Issue:
The unit may become unstable if the limiter setting is too low, or the limiter is
not properly coordinated with other protection relays or power system
stabilizer.
Minimum (Under) Excitation Limiter Test
Maximum (Over) Excitation Limiter Test
• Purpose: To verify the limiter operating characteristic and dynamic
performance
• Test Procedure:
Operate unit at full MW load and maximum MVAr
Set exciter in AVR control
Apply 1-2% AVR step to the AVR set point to observe the limiter response.
The duration of step change should be greater than the limiter delay setting
Make full measurements
OEL/FCL setting usually needs to be reduced to furnish the test
The limiter can also be tested with the circuit isolated from the regulator by
injecting voltage
Maximum (Over) Excitation Limiter Test
Partial Load Rejection Test
• Purpose: To validate unit inertia and turbine & governor model
parameters
• Test Procedure:
Unit operated at 10-20% MW
-10% MVAR (under excited condition preferred)
Exciter set in AVR control
Governor in speed droop control
Open unit breaker to reject the load
Partial Load Rejection Test
• Practical Issue:
Governors with no load speed preset or shutdown solenoids should be
effectively defeated (GE MARK series governor speed preset is typically set to
100.3% of rated speed)
Ensure that governors are not switching into the isochronous control mode
following circuit breaker opening (This could be done by blocking the circuit
breaker status signal fed in governor control circuit)
Partial Load Rejection Test
Partial Load Rejection Test
Governor Step Response Test
• Purpose: To validate governor model parameters such as speed
regulation (droop) and dead-band
• Test Procedure:
Unit operated at about 80% MW
Exciter set in AVR control
Governor in speed droop control
Apply a step change to the turbine speed reference point
Test with different step sizes to determine the deadband, speed regulation (or
droop) setting and other parameters
Governor Step Response Test
• Practical Issue:
Difficult to introduce a frequency step in most governors. It’s not practical to
perform the test on units with a mechanical governor
Governor Step Response Test
Reactive Power Capability Test
• Purpose: To determine unit reactive power capabilities in steady-state
operating conditions
• Test Procedure:
Operate the unit at full or maximum load;
Set the exciter in AVR control;
Increase the machine field until the machine field current reaches the maximum
value (Amps) or rated power factor;
Run the unit at the maximum loading point for 120 minutes (or until generator
temperatures stabilize) to ensure the operating point is sustainable without causing
unit or auxiliary equipment overheating or protection trip;
Decrease the machine field to the lowest level possible as dictated by the unit
capability curves, UEL or the AVR minimum adjustable limit;
Run the unit at this minimum excitation point for another 1 minute to ensure the
operating condition can be securely sustained.
Reactive Power Capability Test
• Practical Issue:
• Inadequate exciter control range
• Change GSU on-load tap to assist (debatable) ?
• Use voltage control on adjoining generators (debatable) ?
Reactive Power Capability Test