Cancer Screening

Common Cancers
Colon Cancer
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Cervical cancer
Prostate Cancer
Skin Cancer
Cancer Yearly Morbidity & Mortality
by Sex & Site
 Basic Facts About Colon Cancer

Removing polyps early may prevent them from becoming

cancer

2nd leading cause of cancer deaths.

3rd most common cancer in men and women
Early colon cancer usually has no symptoms.
Signs & symptoms typically occur only in
advanced colon cancer.
One of the most preventable cancers!
 Colon Cancer Screening Guidelines

The American Cancer Society recommends every man and

woman 50 years and older begin testing for colon cancer.

Yearly Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) or Fecal

Immunochemical Test (FIT)
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
Yearly FOBT/FIT plus Flexible Sigmoidoscopy every 5
years preferred over either test alone
Double Contrast Barium Enema every 5 years
Colonoscopy every 10 years
 Basic Facts About Breast Cancer
Most frequently diagnosed cancer in women.

Women have a 1 in 7 chance of getting invasive

breast cancer.
The chance of dying from breast cancer is about 1
in 33.
Breast cancer death rates are going down. This
decline is probably the result of early detection and
improved treatment.
 Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines
Earliest sign of breast cancer is usually an abnormality detected on a
mammogram before it can be felt by the woman or health care professional.

40 and Older
Yearly mammogram
Yearly clinical breast exam

20’s and 30’s

Clinical breast exam every three years

Any age
Report any breast changes such as lump to a
doctor right away
If at increased risk, talk with a doctor about
starting screening earlier or having more frequent
exams
 Basic Facts About Lung Cancer
Tobacco smoke causes more than 8 out of 10 cases and 1
in 5 deaths from lung cancer

Accounts for 29% of all cancer deaths.

Takes many years to develop and can not be seen on X-
ray in early stages.
Often metastasizes before it is found.
People who don’t smoke but who breathe the smoke of
others have a higher risk of lung cancer.
Non-smoking spouses of
smokers have a 30% greater
risk of developing lung
cancer than do spouses of
nonsmokers.
 Lung Cancer Screening
Smoking is the most preventable cause of death in the U.S.

Lung Cancer screening is currently not advised

even
for people at higher risk, such as those who
smoke.
National 10-year study (launched in 2002) looking
at
whether a new x-ray method called spiral CT
scanning
can reduce lung cancer deaths.
 Basic Facts About Cervical Cancer
The primary cause of cervical cancer is infection with human
papillomavirus (HPV).

• When found and treated early, cervical cancer

often can be cured.
• Symptoms usually do not appear until abnormal
cervical cells become cancerous.
• Vaccines against HPV have been developed and
shown to be effective.
• New cases and deaths from
cervical cancer have gone down
in the past several
years due to screening.
 Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
Nearly all cases of cervical cancer can be prevented if a women is
screened regularly.

Screening should begin 3 years after a woman

becomes sexually active, but no later than 21
years of age.
The American Cancer Society recommends
screening with the regular Pap test every year or
the liquid-based Pap test every 2 years.
 Basic Facts About Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men.

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in

men, second only to lung cancer.
While 1 man in 6 will get prostate cancer during his
lifetime, only 1 man in 33 will die of this disease.
65% of prostate cancer cases are diagnosed in men 65
and older.
African American men are at higher risk.
 Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines
The 5-year survival rate for men diagnosed at a local or regional
stage approaches 100%.

Beginning at age 50, men should be

offered
the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
blood
test and a digital rectal examination
(DRE)
every year.
African American men are at increased
risk
for prostate cancer and should be tested
beginning at age 45.
Men with a father, brother, or son with
prostate cancer before age 65 should be
tested.
 Basic Facts About Skin Cancer
Two main types of skin cancer are melanoma & non-melanoma

Melanoma
Accounts for about 4% of skin cancer cases, but causes about
79% of skin cancer deaths.
The number of new cases of melanoma in the U.S. is on the
rise.

Non-melanoma (basal cell or squamous cell)

Most common type of skin cancer – more than 1 million cases a
year
Most curable
People do not often die of these cancers. About 1,000 to 2,000
people die of non-melanoma skin cancer per year in the U.S.
Men get these cancers about twice as often as women.
 Skin Cancer Early Detection
The best detection is to recognize changes in skin growths or
appearance of new growths.

Melanoma ABCD rule

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color variability
Diameter > 6 mm
(E for enlargement of evolution?)

Non-melanoma
Nonhealing, changing, growing sore or bump
The Gold Standard of Diagnosis - Biopsy

• The only absolutely certain way to

diagnose a cancer is to take a cell
sample (a process called a biopsy)
and look at it under a microscope.
This is usually done by placing a
needle into the affected area and
sucking out some cells.

CT image-directed biopsy. A patient with a large retroperitoneal liposarcoma occupying nearly 75% of
the total abdominal and retroperitoneal space. A CT-directed needle biopsy is being performed in an
area of suspected liposarcoma dedifferentiation. The posterior approach through the lumbar
musculature allowed positive identification of dedifferentiation, which led to initial neoadjuvant therapy
prior to an ultimately successful surgical resection.
 Cancer Risk Factors .
Risk factors that can’t be changed

Family or personal history of cancer

Age
Gender
Race
Genetics
 Cancer Risk Factors .
Risk factors that can be changed

Use of cigarette & other tobacco products

Diet (Obesity)
Physical inactivity
Alcohol use
Sun exposure
THANK YOU