drg. Sari Kusumadewi, M.Biomed.

PSPDG FK UNUD
sarikusumadewi@unud.ac.id
 Anusavice, Kenneth, J., Buku Ajar Ilmu Bahan Kedokteran
Gigi, edisi 10, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, bab 21, hal.
388-395

 Craig, RG, Powers, JM, Wataha, JC, Dental Materials,

Properties and Manipulation, ed.9, Mosby, chapter 10, page:
221-233

 Manappallil, JJ., 2010, Basic Dental Material, Jaypee Brothers

Medical Publisher, 3rd edition, chapter 16, page: 229-242

 O’Brien, WJ, Dental Materials and Their Selection,

Quintesssence Publishing Co.Inc, Chapter 20, page: 267-270
 I. Components
2.Classifications
3. General Properties
A. NATURAL WAXES

B. SYNTHETIC WAXES

C. ADDITIVES
Mineral waxes
 Paraffin and microcrystalline waxes.
 Paraffin (melts 40-70°C) tends to be brittle.
 Microcrystalline (60 - 90°C) is more flexible
and tougher. Addition of Beeswax (from insect)
will reduce brittleness
Plant waxes
 Carnauba and ouricury  Melting range: 84 -
91°C. Ouricury melts between 79-84°C. Both
raise melting range and hardness of paraffin.
 Candellila  Melting range: 68 to 75°C,
mainly hardens paraffin wax.
 Japan wax and cocoa butter  Japan wax is
tough, malleable and sticky and melts at
51°C. Cocoa butter is brittle. Japan wax
improves emulsifying ability of paraffin.
Insect wax
 Beeswax  (63 - 73°C) Brittle at room
temperature, plastic at body temperature.

Animal wax
 Spermaceti  is obtained from the sperm
whale. It is not widely used!
 Ozokerite  found in western US and central
Europe. It improves the physical
characteristics of paraffin.
 Ceresin  obtained from petroleum and
lignite refining. They are harder and are used
to raise melting range of paraffin.
 Barnsdahl  raises melting range and
hardness, reduces flow of paraffin.
 Montan  hard and brittle. It can be substituted
for plant waxes.
 Gums  They are viscous, amorphous exudates
from plants that harden when exposed to air.
They are complex substances mainly made of
carbohydrates. They either dissolve in water or
form sticky, viscous liquids
 Fats  They are tasteless, odorless and colorless
substances. They are similar to wax but have
lower melting temperatures and are softer.
Chemically they are composed of glycerides.
They can be used to increase melting range and
hardness of waxes.
 Oils They lower the melting point of
paraffin. Hydrocarbon oils soften waxes.
Silicone oils improve ease of polishing of
waxes.
 Resins  are exudates of certain trees and
plants. They are complex, amorphous
mixtures of organic substances. They are
insoluble in water. They improve toughness.
They are also used to make varnishes (by
dissolving in an organic solvent).
A. ACCORDING TO ORIGIN (=components)
Mineral, Plant, Insect, Animal

B. ACCORDING TO USE (=kegunaan)

1. Pattern waxes
Inlay casting wax,baseplate casting wax
2. Processing waxes
Boxing, utility, sticky
3. Impression waxes
Corrective, bite registration
1.PATTERN
WAXES
 Uses:
 The pattern for inlays and crowns. First made
in wax then replaced by metal during casting.
 Direct and indirect techniques :
 If the pattern is made directly in the tooth (in
the mouth)  direct technique
 If it is prepared on a replica of the tooth (die)
 indirect technique.
Classification
Class 1: Soft
Class 2: Hard

Supplied as:
Blue, green or purple sticks
Classification
(ADA SP. NO. 122/ ISO 15854:2005)
Type I soft
Type II hard (medium)
Type III extra hard (the hardest)

Supplied as
Sheets of pink or red color
2. PROCESSING
WAXES
 build up vertical walls around the impression
in boxing process
 Boxing wax supplied as sheets, beading wax
as strips
 Advantages:
1. Preserves the extensions and
landmarks.
2. Controls the thickness of the borders.
3. Controls the form and thickness of the
base of the cast.
4. Conserves the artificial stone.
 Consists of beeswax, petrolatum, and other
soft waxes in varying proportions.
 Available in the form of sticks and sheets.
 To adjust contour of perforated tray for use
with hydrocolloids (e.g., to raise flange
height, to extend the tray posteriorly, to raise
palatal portion of the tray in cases of deep
palate, etc.). It is pliable and can be easily
molded and stick to the tray.
 It consists mainly of yellow beeswax, rosin, and
natural resins such as gum dammar.

 It is sticky when melted and adheres closely to

the surfaces to which it is applied.

 At room temperature, it is firm, free from

tackiness, and brittle

 Used for joining (assembling) metal parts before

soldering and for joining fragments of broken
dentures before repair procedure.
3. IMPRESSION
WAXES
 Waxes were used widely in the past for
making dental impressions.
 1. To make functional impression of free end
saddles (Class I and II removable
 partial dentures).
 2. To record the posterior palatal seal in
dentures.
 3. Functional impression for obturators.
 It is used to record the relationship between
the upper and lower teeth. This is necessary
in order to mount the casts correctly in the
articulator.

 Supplied as U-shaped rods or wafers. A thin

metallic foil may be present on the
undersurface or between the wax layers.
  1. Melting range
 2. Thermal expansion
 3. Mechanical properties
 4. Flow
 5. Residual stresses
 6. Ductility
 Waxes have melting ranges rather than
melting points. Mixing of waxes may change
their melting range.

 Waxes melt over a range of 5-30ºC rather

than at one temperatur.

 Melting range varies depending on its use.

 Waxes expand when subjected to a rise in
temperature and contract as the temperature
is decreased.
 Dental waxes have the largest Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion among the materials used
in restorative dentistry.
 Temperature changes in wax patterns after
removal from the mouth, can produce
inaccuracies in the finished restoration.
 The elastic modulus, proportional limit and
compressive strength of waxes are low
compared to other dental materials. These
properties are strongly dependent on the
temperature. As temperature decreases, the
properties improve.
 Flow is measure of a wax’s ability to deform
under light forces. Its increases with
increasing temperature and forces.

 Flow is an important property, especially in

inlay waxes. Flow is dependent on:
◦ Temperature of the wax
Force applied
◦ The length of time the force is applied.
 Regardless of the method used to make a
wax pattern, residual stresses will exist in the
completed pattern. The stress may be
compressive or tensile in nature.
 Like flow, the ductility increases as the
temperature of the wax is increased. In
general, waxes with low melting points have
greater ductility than those with high melting
points.
1. Sebutkan komponen dari dental waxes.
2. Beri contoh apa saja yang termasuk natural waxes
3. Beri contoh apa saja yang termasuk synthetic waxes
4. Beri contoh apa saja yang termasuk additives
5. Sebutkan klasifikasi dental waxes berdasarkan bahan
dasar dan fungsi.
6. Jelaskan masing-masing fungsi dari dental waxes, beri
contoh.
7. Sebutkan dan jelaskan mengenai sifat-sifat (properties)
dental waxes.
8. Apa komponen dari dental wax yang mempengaruhi
sifat lunaknya?
9. Dental wax yang digunakan dapat mengalami perubahan
dimensi. Sifat apa yang menggambarkan hal tersebut?
Selamat belajar….
Terima kasih…