The Evolution of the Cell

Phone…
…and a little bit about Bluetooth 
 Some facts to think about…
 A mobile phone is designed to operate at a maximum power level of
0.6 watts. A household microwave oven uses between 600 and
1,100 watts.

 In 1994, 16 million Americans subscribed to cellular phone services.

Today, more than 110 million Americans are subscribers. Some
experts predict that worldwide subscribership will reach 1.2 billion
people by 2005.

 In a 2005 University of Michigan study, 83 percent said cell phones

have made life easier, choosing it over the Internet (76 percent). But
an additional 60 percent said they find cell phones somewhat
irritating when used in public.

 The BBDO survey found that 75 percent of cell phone owners had it
turned on and within reach during their waking hours, 59 percent
wouldn't think of lending their cell phone to a friend for a day, 26
percent said it was more important to go home to retrieve a cell
phone than a wallet.
 History of the Cellular Phone
 In 1843 a man by the name of Michael Faraday
studied to see if space could conduct electricity.
 In the year of 1865, Doctor Mahlon Loomis was
the first person to communicate through wireless
atmosphere.
 He came up with the idea of transmitting and
receiving messages through atmosphere as a
conductor.
 In 1973 martin copper came up with Motorola.
 In 1977 the first cell phone was made in
Chicago.
 When it first came out 2000 people was given a free
trial.
 What exactly is a cell phone?
 One of the most interesting things about a cell phone is
that it is actually a radio -- an extremely sophisticated
radio, but a radio nonetheless.
 The genius of the cellular system is the division of a city
into small cells. This allows extensive frequency reuse
across a city, so that millions of people can use cell
phones simultaneously.
 In a typical analog cell-phone system in the United
States, the cell-phone carrier receives about 800
frequencies to use across the city.
 The carrier chops up the city into cells. Each cell is typically
sized at about 10 square miles (26 square kilometers). Cells are
normally thought of as hexagons on a big hexagonal grid
Are you in my network?
 So why are they called “cellular”
phones?
 A single cell in an analog system uses one-seventh of
the available duplex voice channels. That is, each cell (of
the seven on a hexagonal grid) is using one-seventh of
the available channels so it has a unique set of
frequencies and there are no collisions:
 A cell-phone carrier typically gets 832 radio frequencies to use in
a city.
 Each cell phone uses two frequencies per call -- a duplex
channel -- so there are typically 395 voice channels per carrier.
(The other 42 frequencies are used for control channels -- more
on this later.)
 Therefore, each cell has about 56 voice channels available.
 In other words, in any cell, 56 people can be talking on their
cell phone at one time.
 Analog vs. Digital
 Analog cellular
systems are
considered first-
generation mobile
technology, or 1G.
 Digital transmission
methods (2G), the
number of available
channels increases.
 For example, a TDMA-
based digital system
can carry three times
as many calls as an
analog system, so
each cell has about
168 channels available.
 The major components…
 Cell phones have low-
power transmitters in
them.
 Many cell phones
have two signal
strengths: 0.6 watts
and 3 watts
 For comparison, most
CB radios transmit at
4 watts.
 So how does it all work?
 When you first power up the phone, it
listens for an SID (system identification
#).
 The control channel is a special frequency
that the phone and base station use to talk to
one another about things like call set-up and
channel changing.
 If the phone cannot find any control
channels to listen to, it knows it is out of
range and displays a "no service"
message.
 So how does it all work?
 When it receives the SID, the phone compares it to the
SID programmed into the phone.
 The phone knows that the cell it is communicating with is part of
its home system.
 Along with the SID, the phone also transmits a
registration request, and the MTSO (Mobile Telephone
Switching Office) keeps track of your phone's location
in a database -- this way, the MTSO knows which cell
you are in when it wants to ring your phone.
 The MTSO gets the call, and it tries to find you. It looks
in its database to see which cell you are in.
 The MTSO picks a frequency pair that your phone will
use in that cell to take the call.
 So how does it all work?
 The MTSO communicates with your phone over the
control channel to tell it which frequencies to use, and
once your phone and the tower switch on those
frequencies, the call is connected.
 Now, you are talking by two-way radio to a friend.
 As you move toward the edge of your cell, your cell's
base station notes that your signal strength is
diminishing.
 The base station in the cell you are moving toward
(which is listening and measuring signal strength on all
frequencies, not just its own one-seventh) sees your
phone's signal strength increasing.
 The two base stations coordinate with each other
through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets
a signal on a control channel telling it to change
frequencies.
 This hand off switches your phone to the new cell.
Your cellular network…
 So what exactly is Bluetooth?
 There are lots of different ways that electronic
devices can connect to one another:
 Component cables
 Electrical wires
 Ethernet cables
 WiFi
 Infrared signals
 A Bluetooth connection is wireless and
automatic, and it has a number of interesting
features that can simplify our daily lives.
 Benefits of Bluetooth…
 Bluetooth takes small-area networking to the
next level by removing the need for user
intervention and keeping transmission power
extremely low to save battery power.
 Bluetooth is essentially a networking standard
that works at two levels:
 Provides agreement at the physical level -- Bluetooth
is a radio frequency standard.
 Provides agreement at the protocol level
 Think about this…
 You're on your Bluetooth-enabled cell phone, standing outside the
door to your house. You tell the person on the other end of the line
to call you back in five minutes so you can get in the house and put
your stuff away. As soon as you walk in the house, the map you
received on your cell phone from your car's Bluetooth-enabled GPS
system is automatically sent to your Bluetooth-enabled computer,
because your cell phone picked up a Bluetooth signal from your PC
and automatically sent the data you designated for transfer.
 Five minutes later, when your friend calls you back, your Bluetooth-
enabled home phone rings instead of your cell phone. The person
called the same number, but your home phone picked up the
Bluetooth signal from your cell phone and automatically re-routed
the call because it realized you were home. And each transmission
signal to and from your cell phone consumes just 1 milliwatt of
power, so your cell phone charge is virtually unaffected by all of this
activity.
 Can you hear me now?
 So lets review:
 Cell phones technology was actually invented in
1843.
 Cell phones are used by 110 million people in the US
today.
 The term “cellular” came from the type of radio
network which is used for cell phones to
communicate.
 Older cell phones used analog signals, while today’s
cell phones use digital signals.
 Bluetooth technology helps to integrate all forms of
communication technology from your cell phone to
your television.