HAND OUT PARIWISATA

INTERNASIONAL

Dosen Pengampu :
Drs. I Made Sendra, M.Si.

Program Studi Industri Perjalanan Wisata

Fakultas Pariwisata
Universitas
Udayana

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 Ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ
 The World Tourism Organization (WTO), in 1991 and
the Government of Canada organized an International
Conference on Travel and Tourism in Ottawa, which
adopted and recommended definition relate to tourism
concept.
 Tourism-The activities of person traveling and staying
in place outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and
other purpose.

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 Definition
 Tourist-(overnight visitor) visitor staying at least one
night in a collective or private accommodation in the
palace visited.
 Excursionists (same day visitors)-visitor who does not
spend the night in a collective or private
accommodation in the place visited.
 Visitor-any person traveling to a place other than that
of his/her usual environment for less than 12
consecutive months and whose main purpose of travel
is not work for pay in the place visited.
 Traveler-any person on a trip between two or more
location (WTO,1995b:17)

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 Form and categories of travel
 There are different form and categories of travel which take
place, varying by traveler, destination, and motive for travel, such
as, international vs. domestic travel, intraregional travel, as well
as inbound vs. outbound travel.
 International and domestic tourism.
 According to WTO, international tourism differs from domestic
tourism and occurs when the traveler crosses a country`s
border.Not every international traveler is a visitor, however. The
traveler is a visitor only if the trip takes him or her outside the
usual environment, e.g., worker who cross borders for
employment are not considered visitors.

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 Form and categories of travel
 International and domestic tourism do relate to each other.
Traveler`s choices change depending on circumstances, and
domestic tourism can be substituted for international tourism
and vice versa under the influence of external factors, such as
relative growth in real incomes, price, differences between
countries, and international political conditions. Over the past
few decades, in many Western countries domestic holidays were
largely replaced by outbound holydays, influence by the rise in
living standards and discretionary incomes, while developing
countries have seen sharp increases in domestic tourism
(WTO,1995b:34).

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 Regional travel.
 Regional are geographically united subdivision of a
larger area characterized by definitive criteria or frame
of reference. Three types of region are use in tourism
research. Region such as ``the north`` or ``the west``
are example of this type. The second type refers
administrative areas, such as ``province X``. The third
combines criteria referring to location with criteria of a
more physical nature. Example of this type are ``the
lake district``or Pasific Basin``.

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 Regions of functional type can also be constructed,
such as ``urban areas`` or ``coastal areas``.
 The term interregional travel refers to travel among
various regions, whether in region found the same
province or state, a country, or various region
throughout the world.
 Intra-regional, on the other hand, refers directly to
travel contained within the same defined region,
whether domestic or international such as travel
between countries of East Asia.


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 Inbound and outbound tourism
 There are three forms of tourism at any level, in relation to a
given area, e.g., domestic region, country, or group of countries:
 Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given area traveling
(as visitors) only within that area.
 Inbound tourism, involving non-resident traveling as visitors in
the given area.
 Outbound tourism, involving resident traveling as a visitors in an
area other than the given area.
 If a country is the area reference, the term ``domestic``,
``inbound`` and ``outbound`` tourism can be combined in
various ways to derive the following categories of tourism:

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 Inbound and outbound tourism
 Internal tourism, which comprises domestic and
inbound tourism.
 National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism,
and outbound tourism.
 International tourism, which consists of inbound
tourism and outbound tourism.
 To avoid misunderstanding the term: inbound,
outbound, domestic, internal, national, and
international are generally used with a country as a unit
of refernce.

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 Outbound tourism
Outbound tourism is a traveling that move from a place rather
than arriving in it.
Travel motivation is the inner urges which initiated travel demand.
(a) Pleasure travel motivation. Travel for personal satisfaction
such as, relaxation, social interaction or learning about the
culture.
(b) Business motivation. Travel related to work or business as
attending a meeting or convention.
 Geographical elements in Tourism System models:
(a) Travel generating region. (Departing travelers)
(b) Tourist destination region. (Returning travelers)
(c) Transit route region.
(d) Environments: Human, Socio-cultural, Economical,
Technological, Physical, Political, Legal, etc.

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 Definition
There are three basic elements in tourism system model,such as:
(1) Tourist. The tourist is an actor in this system. Tourism, after all,
is a human experience, enjoyed, anticipated and remembered
by many as a very important aspect of their lives.
(2) Geographical elements. Leipers outlines three geographical
elements in tourism system model, such as:
(a) Traveler generating region.
(b) Tourist destination region.
(c) Transit route region.
(3) Tourism industry. The range of business and organizations
involved in delivering the tourism product. For example, travel
agents and tour operators, Hotel, Restaurants etc.

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 Definition
 Traveler generating region represents the generating market for
tourism, and in a sense provides the “push” to stimulate and motivate
travel. It is here the tourist searches for information, makes the booking
and make the departure.(Lieper,1990:23).

 The tourist destination region represents “the sharp end” of tourism. At

the destination, the full impact of tourism is felt and planning and
management strategies are implemented. The pull to visit destination
energizes the whole tourism system and creates demand for the travel
in the generating region.

 The transit route region represents not only the short period of travel to
reach the destination, but also the intermediate places which may be
visited. There is always an interval in a trip when the travelers feel they
have left their home region but have not yet arrived.

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 Consumer Behavior And Tourism
Demand
 Demand for tourism at the individual level can be treated as a
consumption process which is influenced by a number of
factors, such as, needs, desires, availability of time and money, or
images, perception and attitude.
 At the personal level it is clear that the factors influencing are
closely linked to models of consumer behavior in tourism. In
other words, the difference in attitudes, perception and
motivation have an important influence on travel decisions.
Attitudes depend on an individual’s perception of the world.
 Perception are mental impression of, say, a place or travel
company and are determined by many factors which include
childhood, family and work experiences.

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 Consumer Behavior And Tourism
Demand
 However, attitude and perception in themselves do not explain why
people want to travel. The inner urges which initiated travel demand
are called travel motivators.
 The tourism consumer decision process as involving four basic
elements:
 (1) Energizers of demand. These are the forces of
motivation which lead a tourist to decide upon visiting
an attraction or going on a holiday.
 (2) Filterers of demand. Even though motivation may exist,
demand is constrained or channeled due to economic (e.g.
discretionary income), sociological (reference groups,
cultural values) psychological factors (perception of risk,
personality attitudes).

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 Consumer Behavior And Tourism
Demand
 (3) Affecters. The consumer will have developed ideas of destination,
product or organization from its promotion, development of image and
information which is generally available (learning, attitudes,
association). These effecters will heighten or dampen the various
energizers which lead to consumer action.

 (4) Roles. The important role is that of the family member who is
normally involved in the different task of the purchase process and the
final resolving of the decisions about when, where, and how the group
will consume the tourism product (family influence, cultural influence).

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 The Study of Motivation in
Tourism
 Motivation is derive from the word “motivate” which is to cause (a
person) to act in a certain way; or stimulate interest. There is also
reference to the word “motivate” which is concerned with initiating
movement or inducing a person to act.
 McIntosh and Goeldener (1986) utilize four categories of motivation:
 (1) Physical motivators. These are related to refreshment of
body and mind, health purposes, sport and pleasure. This
group of motivators are seen to be linked to those activities
which will reduce tension.
 (2) Cultural motivators. These are identified by the desire to see
and know more about the native of a country, their lifestyle,
music, art, folklore, dance, etc.

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 The Study of Motivation in
Tourism
 (3) Interpersonal motivators. These include a desire to meet
new people, visit friends or relatives, seek new and different
experiences. Travel is an escape from routine relationship
with friend or neighbors and the home environment, or it
is used for spiritual reason.
 (4) Status and prestige motivators. These include a desire for
the continuation of hobbies and education (i.e. personal
development) and are also seen to be concerned with the
desire for recognition and attention from other, in order to
boost the personal ego.

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 Maslow`s hierarchy model
 The theory of motivation proposed by Maslow
in the form of ranking, or hierarchy, of
individual needs.
 Maslow argued that, if none of the needs in the
hierarchy were satisfied, then the lowest needs,
the physiological ones, would dominate behavior.
If these were satisfied, however, they would no
longer motivate and the individual would be
motivated by the next level in the hierarchy.

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 Maslow`s hierarchy model
 Lower:
 (1) Physiological-hunger, thirst, rest, activity.
 (2) Safety-security, freedom from fear and
anxiety.
 (3) Belonging and love-affection, giving and
receiving love.
 (4) Esteem-self-esteem and esteem for others.

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 Maslow`s hierarchy model
 Higher:
 (5) Self-actualization-personal self-fulfilment.
 Maslow identified two motivational types of
sequence mechanism in motivation. These can
be greatly simplified as:
 Deficiency or tension-reducing motives.
 Inductive or arousal-seeking motives.

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 Definition
 Tourism is travel and temporary stay, involving at least one night
away from the region’s of person usual domicile which is
undertaken with the major expectation of satisfying leisure,
pleasure, or recreational needs which are perceived as being
better able to be satisfied than in the region of their domicile.
(Stears,1994:8).
 Tourism industry is the collection of all collaborating firm and
organization which perform activities directed at satisfying
specially tourism needs/(Steras,1994).
 Stears considers there are seven sectors involved in tourism
industry:
 (1) Carrier.

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 Definition
(2) Attraction.
(3) Accommodations.
(4) Promotion and distribution specialist.
(5) Tourist operator and whole seller.
(6) Tourist co-ordination.
(7) Miscellaneous tourismic service and goods.

Tourism system is a set of element comprising tourist, a tourist

generating region (TGR), tourist travel route (TTR), tourist
destination region (TDR), and tourism industry which interact
among themselves with their environment (economy, society,
culture, technology, politics, law, physical environments).
(Stears,1994,12).

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 Geographical element in tourism
system model
 Lieper (1990) outlines three geographical elements in
tourism system model:
 (1) Travel generating region (TGR).
 (3) Tourist destination region (TDR).
 (3) Tourist travel route (TTR).
 The travel generating region (TGR) represent: The
generating market for tourism, and in a sense provides
the push to stimulate and motivate travel. It is here the
tourist searches for information, makes the booking
and make the departure.

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 Geographical element in tourism
system model
 The tourist destination region (TDR) represent: The
sharp end of tourism. At the destination, the full impact
of tourism is felt and planning and management
strategies are implemented. The pull to visit destination
energizes the whole tourism system and create demand
for travel in the generating region.
 The tourist travel route (TTR) represent: not only the
short period of travel to reach the destination, but also
the intermediate places which may be visited. There is
always an interval in a trip when the traveler feels they
have left their home region but have not arrived.

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 The growth of international tourism
 The visiting of international tourist to the tourist
destination region in 1991 is 450 million persons who
expended US $ 378 billion.
 The tourist destination region of international tourist are
mainly Europe where 167 million (63,7%) visited there,
subsequently America 86 million (19,1%), Asia and Pacific
54 million (11,0%).
 Others are Africa where 13 million tourist visited there, the
Middle East 7 million (1,6%), and the region where the
fewest visitors is South Asia.
 Based on the growth of international tourism in period
1950-1991 saw that almost every zone of tourist region

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 The growth of international tourism
 reached the growth significantly, such as,
America (6%), Africa (8%), the Middle East
(9%), South Asia (11,0%), East Asia and Pacific
(15,0). In briefly, although Europe and America
to be the most favorable region visited, the
growth is relatively smaller than others of
development countries.
 The distribution of international tourism and the
foreign exchange income in 1991.

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 The distribution of international tourist and the
foreign exchange receipt in 1991.

No. States Tourist % Receipt %

Number (foreign
exchange)
1 Europe 267 million 63.7 US $ 155 55.7
billion
2 America 86 million 19.1 US $ 72 25.9
billion
3 East Asia & 54 million 12.0 US $ 41 billion 14.7
Pacific
4 Africa 13 million 2.9 US $ 4,4billion 1.6
5 Middle East 7 million 1.6 US $ 4 billion 1.4
6 South Asia 3 million 0.7 US $1.6 billion 0.6
7 Total 450 billion 100 US $278 billion 100

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Percentage of the worldwide tourism
growth
No Regions Tourism Growth of International
growth exchange receipts

1 America 6 11

2 Europe 7 13
3 Africa 8 10
4 Middle East 9 12
5 South Asia 14 15
6 East Asia and Pacific 15 19

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 Travel pattern and trends
 International vs. domestic tourism.
 WTO estimates that the scale of world domestic
tourism far exceed that of the world international
tourism; in 1995 total domestic tourist arrivals
numbered 5.6 billion, whereas total international tourist
arrivals numbered 567 million - ration of 10:1
(WTO,1996a).
 In some countries domestics tourism dominates often
for geographical reason. Because of large
 size of their countries, resident of Canada and the U.S.
are less inclined to travel to foreign countries in favor
to domestic travel.

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 Travel pattern and trends
 In 1994, U.S. residents, for example, made over 1.3 billion
trip away from home while remaining within the U.S.
borders, in contras to the 46 million trip U.S. residents
made to foreign countries (U.S.Travel Data Center,1995:5).
 In other countries where geography is more conducive to
trip outside national border, international tourism is more
important than domestic tourism. Those who live in region
of the world outside of temperate climates have different
travel pattern from those who live in tropical climate.
Sometimes, a nation`s resources provide ample attractions
and destination for its own citizens. The French, whose
geography poses few barrier to international travel, spend
perhaps ten times as many holiday night in France as they
do abroad.

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 Total international arrival
 The boom in international tourist arrival around the
globe is relatively new occurrence. In 1950, 25 million
people crossed an international border. In 1960, nearly
70 million international arrival were recorded. By 1970,
this figure had grown to 160 million. In 1980,
international arrival totaled well over 280 million. By
1995 international tourist arrival an all destinations was
over 563 million. The WTO projects worldwide
tourism will grow to around 702 million arrival in the
year 2000, and over 1 billion by 2010 (WTO,1996i).

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 Top ten tourist destinations and
tourism receipts
 From an international perspective, the most
popular destination in the world in 1995 were
(1) France with the number of arrival
60,110,000; (2) followed by United States
(43,318,000); (3) Spain (39,324,000);(4)Italy
(31,057,000); (5)United Kingdom (24,008,000);
(6)Hungary (20,690,000);(7)Mexico
(20,162,000);(8)China (20,034,000); (9)Poland
(19,200,000); (10)Austria (17,173,000).
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 Top ten tourist destinations and
tourism receipts
 The pattern for tourism receipt is similar to the
tourism arrival: the top ten earners represent 55
percent of the world total. (1)The U.S. leads the
world in tourism receipts with the international
receipts (61,137 billion); (2) France
(27,527);(3)Italy (27,451);(4)Spain (25,701);
(5)United Kingdom (19,073); (6)Germany
(16,221); (7) Austria (14,597); (8) Hong Kong
(9,604); (9) China (9,364); (10) Singapore (8,733).
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 Tourism generators and related
expenditure
 Tourism generating countries are also closely linked
with the volume of tourism expenditures. Tourism
expenditures refers to the total consumption
expenditure made by visitor, or on behalf of a visitor,
before and during his or her trip and stay at a given
destination.
 International tourism expenditures refer to expenditure
of outbound visitors in other countries. In 1995, the
World`s top tourism spenders were (1) Germany with
international tourism expenditures (U.S. $ 50,675
billion); (2) United States (45,855); (3) Japan (36,792）;

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 Tourism generators and related
expenditure
 (4) United Kingdom (24,737); (5) France (16,328); Italy
(12,419); Austria (11,687); Russian Federation (11,599);
Netherlands (11,455); Canada (10,220).
 Tourism surplus and Deficits.
 The most desired effect of international tourism is the
inflow of foreign exchange. A travel surplus is achieved
when foreign visitors spend more money in a particular
country than the total spending of the country`s own
nationals when they travel abroad. The U.S., France,
and Italy,

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 Tourism surplus and Deficits.

 as popular international destinations, are among

the top countries which accumulate tourism
surplus.U.S. has been running a travel surplus
since 1990. In the 1995, foreign visitors spent
$58,5 billion in the U.S. compared with $45,3
billion spent by America traveling outside the
country. Fluctuating foreign exchange rate have
helped inbound travel to the U.S. grow twice as
fast as U.S. travel to foreign countries.
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 Tourism surplus and Deficits.

 A less desirable economic result, the travel

deficit, occurs when total expenditures spent in
foreign countries from a given country exceed
the total tourism receipts earned by foreign
inbound tourists. For example, Japan has
experienced a travel deficit for some time, due
to unfavorable exchange rates which have
simultaneously enable foreign countries to
benefit from Japan`s yen-spending outbound
tourist.
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 Regional travel pattern and trend
 Statistic on the worldwide tourist arrivals are dominated by
intra-regional as well as domestic traffic. More than three-
fourths of international travel take the form of short-haul-
travel, and more often than not, within and between the
developed nations of Europe, North America, and Asia.
Nationals of Canada, the U.S., and Mexico visit their
neighboring countries more than they do any other
countries of the world.
 Europe.
 As a region, Europe is the world`s number one destination.
In 1995, this region attracted two-thirds of all international
tourist arrivals (WTO,1996a). It also is the leader in-intra
regional travel for a number of reasons:

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 (a) Europe contains several relativity small countries.
 (b) Much intra-regional international tourist within
Europe takes place between neighboring countries with
common land borders (or otherwise between countries
that are fairly close to each other).
 (c) Model of travel for smaller countries in close
proximity comprises ground transportation, such as
cars, trains, and motor-coaches, making more cost-
prohibitive air travel unnecessary.

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 It is estimated that 80 percent of all travel in Europe is
intra-regional in nature. The Netherlands, for example,
receive 85 percent of its visitors from other Western
Europe countries.
 Renewed promotional efforts to attract nearby markets,
improvements in the tourist infrastructure in many of
the tourist-generating and tourist destination countries,
and the ease of border-crossing between European
countries are all factors favoring short-haul travel.

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 Leading receiving countries for Europe are the leading
destination for the world-France, Spain, and Italy,
among them for 1995. Overall, however, there is a
decrease in growth rates of foreign arrival and tourist
receipts to these more established Western European
destination, which have been attributed to saturation
levels and poor exchange rates. As a subregion within
Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean countries-notably
Israel and Turkey-led in tourism arrival growth, with
the Eastern and Central European subregion countries
following close behind in 1995 (WTO,1996a).

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 Asia and the Pacific
 The growth of travel in East Asia and Pacific
has been particularly rapid. In 1991, there were
61million international arrival in the East Asia
and Pacific. Compare to the year 1990 (62
million), this figures decreased 1.16 %, because
of Gulf crisis.
 According to WTO conference taken place in
Bali on 1993, forecasted that Pacific region will
exceed fast on international arrival until 2010.

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 The Top Destination of International Tourist
(1990-1991) in Asia Pacific

No. Destination 1990 1991 Change ( %)

1 Canada 15,258,000 14,989,000 -1.76
2 Hawai 6,952,310 6,850,070 -1,47

3 Hong Kong 5,932,854 6,032,081 1,67

4 Malaysia 7,476,770 5,543,380 -25,86

5 Singapore 5,332,850 5,414,650 1.53

6 Thailand 5,298,860 5,086,900 -4.00

7 South Korea 2,959,000 3,196,000 8.01

8 Macao 1,382,000 3,196,000 8.01

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 The Top Destination of International
Tourist (1990-1991) in Asia Pacific
9 Indonesia 2,177,566 2,569,870 18.02

10 Australia 2,214,900 2,370,000 7.00

11 Japan 3, 236,000 2,104,000 -34.98
12 India 1, 255,590 1,678,000 33,64

13 Philippine 1,024,520 951,370 -7.14

14 New Zealand 976,010 963,470 -1.28

15 Guam 769,876 728.722 -5.35

Total 62,247,106 61,524,513

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 International tourism arrival in Asia
Pacific region year 1990-1991
No Countries 1990 1991 The Growth
( %)
1 South Asia 2,347,586 2,366,569 0.81
Northeast Asia 15,200,093 15,997,906 5.25
3 ASEAN Countries 21,300,560 19,566,170 -8.15
4 Australia/New 2,190,910 3,333,470 4.47
Zealand
5 South & Central Pacific 1,948,782 1,871,756 -3.95
6 Canada 1,005.120 1,018,848 1.37
7 Hawai 6,952,310 6,850,070 -1.47
8 Total 51,945,361 51,004,789

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 The top tourist generating region in
Asia & Pacific.
The main 1991 Market 1990 Market
Destination ~% ~%

1 Canada America 50.3 America 48.2

Arrival Japan 32.1 Japan 41.2
14,989,000 Hongkong 12,9 Hongkong 12.5
2 Hawai America 64.8 America 63.6
Arrival Japan 20.2 Japan 20.7
6,850,070 Hongkong 4.7 Hongkong 4.6
3 Hongkong Taiwan 21.5 Asean 22.7
Arrival Japan 20.9 Japan 22.5
6.032.081 America 10.3 England 10.3

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 The tourism growth in Asean
Countries
No. Countries 1982 1991 Percentage

1 Singapore 2,947,001 5,414,651 83.7%

2 Malaysia 2,766,441 5,543,376 100.4%
3 Thailand 2,218,042 5,086,899 129.3%

4 Philippines 788,233 951,365 20.7%

5 Indonesia 592,046 2,569,871 334.1%
Total 9,311,763 19,566,161 110.1%

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 The growth of international tourism
arrival in Asean countries 1983-1992
Years Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Total

1983
Total 639,000 2,750,000 848,000 2,575,000 2,154,000 8,966,000
%mrket 7.13 30.67 9.46 28.72 24.02 100%
1984
Total 804,00
701,000
%mrket 2,779,000 8.65
7.54
+/- % 29.90 -5.19
9.70
1.05

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 Culture in Tourism
 Tourist Culture is the culture that tourist bring on
vacation. It is the culture of their own or that of their
country. Tourist culture explains tourist behavior.
 The host culture is the culture of the host country with
which tourists are in contact (Jafari,1987）.
 The behavior all participants involve in the tourism
process create a distinct “tourism culture” , which is
distinct from that of their routine and everyday culture.
Tourist behave differently when they are away from
home because they are in difference state of mind and
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 Culture in Tourism
 and “play” mode. Host behave differently because they
offer the tourist hospitality service. However, both
group retain a residue of their own culture when in
contact. Thus, the tourist culture should be analysed in
relation to “residual culture”, which explains how
tourists from difference culture behave. Tourist, host
and residual cultures mix together and produce a special
and distinguishing type of culture at each destination,
which consist of the behavior of tourist and host.

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 The Rank of Distance
 It is undoubted that there is the rank of distance
between host and guests with their own culture due to
the law of demand and supply. In order to satisfy the
guests it is important to have a thorough understanding
of culturally distinct and identify the cultural different
among visitors who come from many countries.
 Understanding of those is useful to in order to
clustering in term of their profiles and how different
and similar their belief, values, customs and use the
product in various market (Meng & Uysal,2008).

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 International Tourists
Characteristic
The difference of tourist characteristic is determined by
some factors such as demographic, social, economic,
culture, geographic, psychographics, and behavior (Maoji,
2004).
Culturally distinct and cultural difference of tourists are
related to cultural value, needs, preference and attitude
which could be experience in term of language, clothing,
human interaction (form of address, body language,
gestures, time orientation, religious belief, etc) (Yuksel,
2004 and Feixiong,1997).

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