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IN THE BEGINNING

 In whatever way man conquered nature,


is proof that science also existed.
 Science was expressed as philosophical
explanation (spiritualists) or
craftsmanship (tools).
 Period of mythology, ancient period,
medieval era, renaissance period,
modern era and contemporary age.
 Period of mythology,
 ancient period,
 medieval era,
 renaissance period,
 modern era
 and contemporary age.
 Western science started in Miletus, Greece
about the 5th century B.C.
 The early philosophers explored topics such
as religion, medicine, politics, economics,
astronomy, climate change, crop growth,
etc.
 Philosophy and other subjects were
interwoven, the method in use was
deduction.
 He thought of how to cross a river through
the construction of a dam, predicted the
occurrence of an eclipse accurately,
invented an instrument for measuring the
height of a pyramid, invented a tool with
which sailors could detect the north pole.
 Postulated the earth is flat.
 He postulated water as the basic source and
constituent of all things in nature.
 Postulated that water is the source of all
things (living and non living)
 Volcanic eruptions resulted in
combustion resulting in the release of
hydrogen and oxygen .
 At condensation water vapor is formed
which is water.
 Philosophized on good sound, theorized on
the adequate length of a string.
 Philosophized on the shape of the universe.
 Insisted that the universe is made up of
numbers.
 The world is infinite while specific things are
finite units.
 Descriptions are understood better with
numerical digits
 Nature is made up of matter.
 Matter comprise of different,
small units.
 A combination of the smallest
unit of an element that cannot
be broken equal matter.
 Indestructible, indivisible,
innumerable, unchangeable, always
moving.
 Have various sizes and shapes.

 Attestations to above postulations


include Dalton, Bohr, etc
 Contributions of:
 Anaximander, Aneximenes,

 Empedocles, Plato and

 Aristotle

 to science in ancient times (as


indicated in their philosophical
postulations)
Science in:
Africa,

Eastern world,
The Americas
 The cradle of civilization championed by the
Roman Empire was overpowered by the
Barbarians in A.D. 476.
 Available literature were destroyed.
 Man the metaphysical being became
prominent.
 Philosophical speculations were limited to the
Church fathers and Islamic scholars (Italy,
Arabia).
 Innovations include:
 Wearing of trousers, use of butter
instead of olive oil, invention of barrels
and tubs,
 use of wheeled plough in farming,
 planting of oats, rye, hops,
 Use of water wheel for grinding corn
 Food beyond consumption was produced,
 Cathedrals were funded,
 Higher institutions were established,
 the spinning wheel was invented to produce
textile.
 Sawmills and iron furnaces were improved
with waterpower.
 Printing was invented (bible production),
 Gunpowder , firearms, etc were produced.
 Is the link between the past and the
future.
 Reasoning was allowed to take the
lead again since ancient Greek and
Babylonians literature were found.
 Nature was glorified and
metaphysics discarded.
 Paintings were invented by Griotto, study of
human anatomy began with De Vinci.
 Columbus among others discovered new
continents.
 Study of nature through observation and
mathematics began.
 Formulation of hypothesis based on
speculated principles at work started.
 Galileo discovered the moons near
Jupiter.
 Spermatozoa, bacteria and protozoa
were discovered by Leeuwenhoek
 Copernicus postulated that the earth
rotates around the sun
 Circulation of blood in man was
discovered by Harvey.
 Isaac Newton invented differential
calculus.
 Leibniz invented integral calculus.
 Francis Bacon imposed induction as
the adequate method of knowledge
acquisition for the sciences.
 Thomas Hobbes’ added the use of
mathematics and deduction as
knowledge acquisition method for
science.
 Descartes postulated that general
principles should lead to deduction,
together with mathematics would lead to
objective scientific findings.
 General principles are known by
intuition says Descartes.
 Galileo and Newton insists that general
principles are derived from experience.

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