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Aristotle
Eastern world,
The Americas
The cradle of civilization championed by the
Roman Empire was overpowered by the
Barbarians in A.D. 476.
Available literature were destroyed.
Man the metaphysical being became
prominent.
Philosophical speculations were limited to the
Church fathers and Islamic scholars (Italy,
Arabia).
Innovations include:
Wearing of trousers, use of butter
instead of olive oil, invention of barrels
and tubs,
use of wheeled plough in farming,
planting of oats, rye, hops,
Use of water wheel for grinding corn
Food beyond consumption was produced,
Cathedrals were funded,
Higher institutions were established,
the spinning wheel was invented to produce
textile.
Sawmills and iron furnaces were improved
with waterpower.
Printing was invented (bible production),
Gunpowder , firearms, etc were produced.
Is the link between the past and the
future.
Reasoning was allowed to take the
lead again since ancient Greek and
Babylonians literature were found.
Nature was glorified and
metaphysics discarded.
Paintings were invented by Griotto, study of
human anatomy began with De Vinci.
Columbus among others discovered new
continents.
Study of nature through observation and
mathematics began.
Formulation of hypothesis based on
speculated principles at work started.
Galileo discovered the moons near
Jupiter.
Spermatozoa, bacteria and protozoa
were discovered by Leeuwenhoek
Copernicus postulated that the earth
rotates around the sun
Circulation of blood in man was
discovered by Harvey.
Isaac Newton invented differential
calculus.
Leibniz invented integral calculus.
Francis Bacon imposed induction as
the adequate method of knowledge
acquisition for the sciences.
Thomas Hobbes’ added the use of
mathematics and deduction as
knowledge acquisition method for
science.
Descartes postulated that general
principles should lead to deduction,
together with mathematics would lead to
objective scientific findings.
General principles are known by
intuition says Descartes.
Galileo and Newton insists that general
principles are derived from experience.