Heat of Solutions and

Solubility
Klemens Sunaryo /160216013
Rifando Gogo / 160216076
Victor Kristianto / 160216043
Sherliana Setiawan / 160216069
 Goals
• To understand the meaning of saturated solution, determine the solubility
value and the effect of temperature on the solubility of a substance
• To determine the integral heat of solution and the differential heat of
solution
 Solubility
• The upper limit of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent
at equilibrium.
• Saturated solution :
a chemical solution containing the maximum concentration of solute
dissolved in the solvent. An additional solute will not dissolve in a saturated
solution.
 Factor that affect solubility
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Nature of solute or solvent
• Surface area of solute
• Stirring
 𝑑𝑙𝑛𝑆 ∆𝐻
=
𝑑𝑇 𝑅𝑇²
−∆𝐻 1
𝑙𝑛𝑆 = +C
𝑅 𝑇
𝑆₁ ∆𝐻 𝑇₂ − 𝑇₁
𝑙𝑛 =
𝑆₂ 𝑅 𝑇₂𝑇₁
 Heat of Solution
• Heat released or absorbed when one mol of
the compound is dissolved in a number of solvents
 2 Kind of Heat of Solution
• Integral heat of solution
• Differential heat of solution
Equation

𝑑𝑞 𝑑(𝑚.Δ𝐻𝑖) 𝑑(Δ𝐻𝑖)
• ΔHd = 𝑑𝑚
=
𝑑𝑚
= Δ𝐻𝑖 +
𝑑𝑚
.m
𝐺
• − Δ𝐻𝑖
𝑀
= 𝑊. 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 + 𝐴. 𝐶𝑝(𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
Tools

Thermometer
Beaker Glass

Volumetric
Erlenmeyer
Pipette
Flasks
 Test tube

Burette

Calorimeter
Stirring Rod

Analytical
Balance
Materials

Oxalic Acid Sodium

Hydroxide

Pottasiun Aquadest
Nitrate
Copper(II)
Sulfate Phenolftalein
Hydrate

Copper(II)
Sulfate Ice Cubes
anhydrate
Methods
Solubility as a function of temperature
Oxalic 10 ml of solution
Acid
10 ml of solution
150 ml
phenolftalein (2-3 drops)

Note the volume of NaOH

Heat of Solution salt in aquadest

Pottasium
Nitrate

150 ml

Note the
temperature every
20 second
Repeating the same step and replace Pottasium Nitrate with Copper(II) Sulfate Hydrate and
Copper(II) Sulfate Anhydrate for (6, 8, 10, 12 grams)
Solubility as a function of temperature

For 10 gr solution
T (oC) V S H2C2O4 LN S 1/T
NaOH n NaOH n H2C2O4 (mol/gram)
(ml) (mol) (mol)
25 42.3 0.02115026 0.010575132 1.06E-03 - 0.04
6.85184
20 39.05 0.01952524 0.009762622 9.76E-04 - 0.05
6.93178
15 29.05 0.01452518 0.007262591 7.26E-04 -7.2276 0.0666
67
10 25.8 0.01290016 0.006450081 6.45E-04 - 0.1
7.34625
5 20.7 0.01035013 0.005175065 5.18E-04 - 0.2
7.56649
 The effect of temperature on solubility
-6.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-6.9

-7

-7.1

-7.2
ln(S)

-7.3

-7.4

-7.5

-7.6

-7.7 1/T

1 −∆𝐻
𝑙𝑛𝑆 = −4.120968055 − 6.808382778 𝐵=
𝑇 𝑅
𝑟² = 0.8203936507 −∆𝐻
−4.120968055 =
1.987
∆H = 8.188363528 cal/mol
Heat of Solution Salt in Aquadest

t(s) T(oC) m KNO3 = 8.0016 gr

20 26.7 ∆Hi KNO3 = 8459 cal/mol
40 26.5 Cp = 0.9987 cal/groC
𝐺
60 26.3 − Δ𝐻𝑖 = 𝑊. 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 + 𝐴. 𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑀
80 26.3 −8.0016
(8459) = 𝑊 26.3 − 26.7 + 150(0.9987)(26.3 − 26.7)
101
100 26.3 𝑊 = 15215.579515 𝑐𝑎𝑙/°𝐶
120 26.3
 Mass T1 ∆Hi
Substance mol molality T2 (oC)
(gr) (oC) (cal/mol)
6.0001 0.024048 0.160323 30.8 30.4 182377.1

8.0003 0.032065 0.213769 30.1 29.7 243174.5

CuSO4
Hydrate 10.003
0.040093 0.267289 29.9 29.4 380071.3
3
12.000
0.048099 0.320657 29.7 29.1 547149.5
6
6.0022 0.037631 0.250876 32.9 33.9 -44520.98066

8.0012 0.050164 0.334428 33.3 33.8 -16698.98454

CuSO4
Anhydrate 10.001
0.062703 0.418023 34.3 36.3 -53438.35343
2
12.000
0.075238 0.501588 34.9 34.9 0
5
 ΔHi VS molality CuSO4 Hydrate ∆Hi VS molality CuSO4 anhydrate
600000 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
500000
-10000
y = 2E+06x - 215769 y = 115841x - 72247
R² = 0.9627 R² = 0.2561
400000
-20000

300000
Hi

∆Hi
-30000

200000
-40000

100000
-50000
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 -60000
molality molality

−𝑑(∆𝐻𝑖)
∆𝐻𝑖 = 𝑚+ ∆𝐻d
𝑑𝑚

∆𝐻𝑖 = 2000000𝑚 + 215769 ∆𝐻𝑖 = 115833.2063𝑚 −72244.50685

𝑟 2 = 0.9627 𝑟 2 = 0.2561
∆𝐻d = 215769 cal/mol ∆𝐻d = 72244.50685 cal/mol
 Disscusion
This experiment have some purpose. For the example, understand the
meaning of saturated solution, determine value of solubility, determine
influence of temperature against solubility of a substance, calculate heat of
solubility of a substance, and determine heat of solubility integral and heat of
solubility differential.
Oxalic acid cooling better started at 3°C, so that cooling isn’t repeated.
From the experiment,the heat of solubility ( ∆H ) is 8.188363528 cal/mol. We
use Potassium nitrate because the solubility of Potassium nitrate against
temperature very significant.
There are many factors influence error in this experiment :
• There is a chances crystal of oxalic acid taken.
• Oxalic acid temperature is not same with what we want.
• Inaccuracy in determining equivalent point.
• Copper sulfate hygroscopic.
• Mixing of solution isn’t equally.
 Conclusion
• Solubility is a solute ability to dissolve in the solvent.
• From this experiment, the solubility value of oxalic acid changes to
temperature, which if the temperature increase, so that solubility will increase
too. This condition means oxalic acid solubility in the water is a endoterm
reaction.
• From this experiment, the differential heat solubility of copper sulfate
hydrate is -215769 cal / mol and copper sulfate anhydrate is 72244.50685 cal /
mol.