Beruflich Dokumente
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PERMEABILITY
PERMEABILITY
Settlement of building
Yield of wells
Seepage through and below the earth structures
Earth pressure
Uplift pressure under hydraulic structure.
FACTORS AFFECTING PERMEABILITY OF SOILS
Object:-
To determine the coefficient of permeability of a soil specimen by constant
head method.
Equipments:-
Permeability mould, internal diameter = 100mm, effective height = 127.3mm,
capacity = 1000ml, complete with all accessories
Constant head tank.
1. Measure internal dimensions of the mould. Apply a little grease on the inside to the
mould.
2. Take about 2.5kg of the soil, from a thoroughly mixed wet soil, in the mould.
Compact the soil at the required dry density using a suitable compacting device.
3. Remove the collar and base plate. Trim the excess soil level with the top of the
mould.
4. Clean the outside of the mould. Find the mass of the soil in the mould. Take a
small specimen of the soil in container for the water constant determination.
5. Saturate the porous stones.
6. Place the porous stone (disc) on the drainage base and keep a filter paper on the
porous stone.
7. Place the mould with soil on the drainage base.
8. Place a filter paper and a porous stone on the top of specimen.
9. Connect the constant head tank to the drainage cap inlet.
10. Open the stop cock, and allow the water downward so that all the air is removed,
then close the stop cock.
11. Now, again open the stop cock and at the same time start the stopwatch. Collect
the water flowing out of the base in a measuring flask for some convenient time
interval.
12. Measure the difference of head (h) in levels between the constant head tank
and the outlet in the base.
• c/s area of specimen = A = (π/4) x D2 (cm2)
• Volume of mould = V = (π/4) x D2 x L (cm3)
• Mass of wet soil in the mould = M = M2 – M1
Where, M1 = mass of empty mould.
M2 = mass of mould + wet soil
Results:-
The coefficient of permeability of a given soil sample is ………… cm/sec
FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST :-
Object:-
To determine the coefficient of permeability of a soil specimen by falling head
method.
Equipments:-
All the equipments required for the constant head permeability test.
FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST :-
Test Procedure:-
1. Prepare the remoulded soil specimen in the permeameter and saturate it.
2. Keep the permeameter mould in the bottom tank and fill the bottom tank
with water up to its outlet.
3. Connect the water inlet nozzle of the mould to the stand pipe filled with
water. Permit water to flow for some time till steady state of flow is reached.
4. Now open the valve of stand pipe and record the time (t) to fall the head
from h1 to h2. Repeat this step at least twice.
Normally,
Constant head permeability test is used for more permeable soils like sand.
Falling head permeability test is used for less permeable soils like clay.
DARCY’S LAW & IT’S VALIDITY
WHO WAS DARCY?
Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy was born June 10, 1803 in Dijon,
France.
Admitted to the French School of Bridges and Roads in Paris, part of the
Corps of Bridges and Roads. After graduation, he was eventually
assigned by the Corps to a position in Dijon.
In 1828, Darcy designed a 12.7 km system of aqueducts to supply the
city of Dijon with surface water. The system included 28,000 m of
pressurized surface lines and required no pumps or filters.
Made important contributions to flow and friction loss in pipes, created
an improved pitot tube design, and was the first to postulate the
existance of a boundary layer in fluid flow.
In 1856, carried out experiments while researching sand filters that lead
to Darcy’s Law.
Died unexpectedly January 3, 1858 from pneumonia during a trip to
Paris.
DARCY’S LEGACY
“For laminar flow through saturated soil mass, the discharge per unit time is
proportional to the hydraulic gradient”.
q = k.i.A
= k.i = v
i= =
q = k. .A
2. As per Allen Hazen, the maximum diameter of the particle for the flow to be laminar is
about 0.50 mm.
3. It is valid for flow in clays, slits and fine sands. In coarse sands, gravels and boulders, the
flow may be turbulent and Darcy’s law may not be applicable.
4. For Darcy’s law to be valid, the relationship between velocity (v) and hydraulic gradient
(i) should be linear.
5. In extremely fine-grained soils, such as collodial clay, the interstices are very small. The
velocity is therefore very small. In such soils, the Darcy’s law is not valid.
THANK YOU…..