 Typhoid fever, also known simply as

typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to

Salmonella typhi that causes symptoms which
may vary from mild to severe and usually
begin six to thirty days after exposure.
 Transmission
The bacterium that causes typhoid fever may be spread through
poor hygiene habits and public sanitation conditions, and
sometimes also by flying insects feeding on feces. Public
education campaigns encouraging people to wash their hands
after defecating and before handling food are an important
component in controlling spread of the disease. According to
statistics from the United States Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), the chlorination of drinking water has led to
dramatic decreases in the transmission of typhoid fever in the
United States.
 Bacteria
1. The cause is the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, also known as
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi.
2. There are two main types of Typhi namely the ST1 and ST2
based on MLST subtyping scheme, which are currently
 fever fluctuations are seen with relative
bradycardia (Faget sign)\
 malaise
 Headache
 cough
 poor appetite
 abdominal pain
 generalized aches and pains
 fever, often up to 104 F
 lethargy (usually only if untreated)
 intestinal bleeding or perforation (after two to
three weeks of the disease)
 diarrhea or constipation.
 Inflammation of the heart muscle
(myocarditis)
 Inflammation of the lining of the heart and
valves (endocarditis)
 Pneumonia
 Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
 Kidney or bladder infections
 Infection and inflammation of the
membranes and fluid surrounding your brain
and spinal cord (meningitis)
 Psychiatric problems, such as delirium,
hallucinations and paranoid psychosis
 Wash your hands.
 Avoid drinking untreated water.
 Avoid raw fruits and vegetables.
 Choose hot foods.
 Treatments and drugs
1. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro). In the United States,
doctors often prescribe this for nonpregnant
adults.
2. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin). This injectable
antibiotic is an alternative for people who may
not be candidates for ciprofloxacin, such as
children.
 Other Treatment
 Drinking fluids. This helps prevent the dehydration
that results from a prolonged fever and diarrhea. If
you're severely dehydrated, you may need to receive
fluids through a vein (intravenously).
 Surgery. If your intestines become perforated, you'll
need surgery to repair the hole.