5.

2 Evaluate and
Exercise Prudence in
Choice
 Objective
 Student should learn what is the important of
choosing the right thing for the future

 At the end of the lesson , student should learn the

result when taking a choice.
B.F Skinner
 B.F skinner
The environment selects which similar with natural
selection . We must take into account what the
environment does to an organism not only before, but
also after it responds. Skinners maintain that behavior is
shaped ands maintained by its consequence. Behavior
that operates upon the environment to produce
consequences (operant conditioning )can be studied by
the arranging environments in which in which specific
consequences are contingent upon it.
Operant conditioning - is a method of learning that occurs
through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through
operant conditioning, an individual makes an association
between a particular behavior and a consequence

(Skinner, 1938).

He believed that when the person wants something ; he acts to get it

when the occasion arise . Skinners argues that even though behavior is
completely determined , it is better that a person “feels free’’ or
believes that he is free.
Stephen
L. Yelon
1969
 Yelon (1969)
Accepted that behavior psychology is at fault for
having overanalyzed the words “reward’’ and
‘’ punishment ’’. We might have miscalculated the
effects of the environments in the individual. There
should be a balance in our relationship with others and
the environment .In our dealing with our fellow human
beings , there is the strong and obvious temptation to
blame the environment .
 The feeling of freedom , according to skinner becomes
unreliable guide as soon as would-be controller turn
to non-aversive measures , as they are likely to do
avoid the problems raised when the controller
escapes or attacks. For example , a skill parents
learns to reward a child for a good behavior rather
than punish him for bad .Control becomes necessary
in the issue of freedom.
 Skinner thinks that the problem is to free human
being not from control but from certain kinds of
control , and it can be solved only if we accept the
fact that we depend upon the world around us and
we simply the nature of dependency . Skinner
proposed that to make the social environment as free
as possible of aversive stimuli , we do not have to
destroy the environment or escape from it. What is
needed , according to skinner is to redesign it .
According to Yelon punishment is an educative
measure , and as such is a formation of motives,
which are in part to prevent the wrongdoer
from repeating the act and in part to prevent
others from committing a similar act.
Analogously , in the case of reward we are
concerned with incentive (Shouten & Looren de
Jong 2012) .
 It is true that we did not choose to be born . It is also
true that we choose , most of us , to keep on living . It
is not true that everything happens to us like being
struck down by dreadful disease . The treatment and
cure of disease –to use as an illustration – would
never serve as a moral paradigm for the whole human
situation – would never have began unless we
believed that some things that were did not have to
be , that they could be different , and we could make
them different . And what we can make different , we
are responsible for.