Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
GROUP 1
+
One of the first lengthy pipelines was constructed in 1891. This pipeline
was 120 miles long, and carried natural gas from wells in central Indiana
to the city of Chicago. However, this early pipeline was very rudimentary,
and was not very efficient at transporting natural gas. It wasn't until the
1920s that any significant effort was put into building a pipeline
infrastructure.
+
Major Contributors
WEYMOUTH AND
PANHANDLE (1912-1956)
The Weymouth and Panhandle
developed equations to simulate
compressible gas flow in long
pipelines. Their equations were
developed for turbulent flow in long
pipelines incorporating the friction
factor associated with the flow.
WEYMOUTH PANHANDLE
+
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW OF GASES IN
PIPELINES
Compressible pipe flows is centered majorly on
two limiting cases, adiabatic and isothermal.
ADIABATIC: when the pipeline lengths are short, or
the pipe is well insulated.
ISOTHERMAL: when the pipeline lengths are long
enough such that there is sufficient time for heat
transfer to occur.
+
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW OF GASES IN
PIPELINES
An important phenomenon worth noting during
compressible gas-pipeline flow is that:
As the pipeline gets longer:
𝝆 Decreases
𝑷 Decreases
𝒗 Increases
𝒉 Decreases
𝒔 Increases
+
ANALYSIS OF GAS PIPELINES
ISOTHERMAL ADIABATIC
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
FRICTION
FACTOR PRESSURE-DROP
CONSIDERATION
CONSIDERATION
MAXIMUM FLOW
GAS-PIPELINE
VELOCITY
DESIGN
ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC
+
GAS PIPELINE SYSTEMS
+
ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS
1 NO HEAT TRANSFER 2
For there is no shaft work(W = 0), and the flow is adiabatic(Q = 0) and the pipeline
is approximately at the same elevation( dz = 0) taking a short length of pipe, we
get;
+
ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS
Enthalpy per unit mass of an ideal gas is defined as h = cp T
The gas, at rest, has no kinetic energy and is at its stagnation
temperature (Tst), while the moving gas has kinetic energy and
is at another temperature (T).
The energies are therefore:
Energy at rest, per unit mass = 0 + Cp Tst
Energy in motion, per unit mass = v2/2 + Cp T
Equating the energy at rest and in motion, we get:
hst= h+v2/2
+
ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS
G = mass flux = 𝝆𝒗
This implies:
• Stagnation enthalpy of the fluid during adiabatic flow is constant.
For an ideal gas, this implies the stagnation temperature is
constant.
• Enthalpy of the gas drops and kinetic energy increases in the
direction of flow.
• For a given mass flux, the enthalpy and density are related to each
other.
+
ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS
A useful way of looking at this
relationship is by Fanno lines. The
Fanno lines are lines of constant mass
flux plotted on an enthalpy/entropy
diagram.
+
+
Stagnation temperature is the temperature a
flowing gas rises to when it is brought
isentropically to rest, thereby converting its
kinetic energy into enthalpy.
The conservation of mass requires the mass flux to be the same at any position
along a pipe. Mass flux(G) at any of these positions can be expressed in terms of
density and velocity:
+
1 2
Therefore the relationship between the upstream and downstream properties of an
adiabatic gas-pipeline flow can be expressed as:
+
1 2
𝑀𝑃
By multiplying both sides by 𝜌2 , substituting 𝜌𝑣 = 𝐺, vdv = -(G 𝜌 −3 ) d𝜌 and 𝜌 =
𝑅𝑇
NOTE:
When the temperature change over the pipeline is small, the above equation can
be used.
Adiabatic flow below Mach 0.3 follows the above equation closely.
WEYMOUTH AND
PANHANDLE
EQUATION
+
WEYMOUTH AND
PANHANDLE EQUATIONS
Sg - relative density
GAS-PIPEPLINE
CONSTRUCTION
+
GAS-PIPEPLINE CONSTRUCTION
Pipeline design
Obtaining approval
Trenching
Testing
+
GAS PIPELINE
CHALLENGES
+
GAS PIPELINE CHALLENGES
Excavation damage and corrosion are the two leading causes of significant
pipeline incidents in all pipeline systems, including hazardous liquid, gas
transmission, gas gathering, and gas distribution systems. Research estimate
that, over the last twenty years, excavation damage and corrosion, together,
have caused over 1 billion dollars in property damage.
Natural gas, and steam are the most transported in Gas-pipelines. A challenging
materials problem in the design of this pipeline is:
TITANIUM
NICKEL
STAINLESS STEEL
COPPER
ALUMINUM
LEAD
STEEL
COST ANALYSIS OF THE MOST PREFERRED METALS
Titanium: $40/lb.
Nickel: $14/lb.
Stainless steel: $4/lb.
Copper: $3.50/lb.
Aluminum: $1.30/lb.
Lead: $1.25/lb.
Steel: $0.46/lb.
SOME OF THESE ARE JUST TOO COSTLY.
Titanium: $40/lb.
Nickel: $14/lb.
Stainless steel: $4/lb.
Copper: $3.50/lb.
Aluminum: $1.30/lb.
Lead: $1.25/lb.
Steel: $0.46/lb.
LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT THE LESS EXPENSIVE METALS.
Titanium: $40/lb.
Nickel: $14/lb.
Stainless steel: $4/lb.
Copper: $3.50/lb.
Aluminum: $1.30/lb.
Lead: $1.25/lb.
Steel: $0.46/lb.
Gas Pipelines
Each one has some good and some bad features.