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FIRST-ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Introduction
Formation of differential equations
Solution of differential equations
Bernoulli’s equation
Introduction
Formation of differential equations
Solution of differential equations
Bernoulli’s equation
Introduction
dy
x y 2 0 is an equation of the 1st order
dx
d2y
xy 2 y 2 sin x 0 is an equation of the 2nd order
dx
d3y dy
3
y e 4 x 0 is an equation of the 3rd order
dx dx
Introduction
Formation of differential equations
Solution of differential equations
Bernoulli’s equation
dy
y A sin x B cos x so that A cos x B sin x therefore
dx
d2y
2
A sin x B cos x y
dx
d2y
That is y 0
dx 2
y A sin x B cos x
d2y
2
y0
dx
Introduction
Formation of differential equations
Solution of differential equations
Bernoulli’s equation
dy
f ( x)
dx
y f ( x )dx
For example:
dy
3x 2 6 x 5
dx
so that:
y (3x 2 6 x 5)dx
x3 3x 2 5 x C
dy f ( x)
dx F ( y )
For example:
dy 2x
dx y 1
so that:
( y 1)dy 2 xdx so ( y 1)dy 2 xdx
That is:
y 2 y C1 x2 C2
Finally:
y2 y x2 C
To solve:
dy x 3 y
dx 2x
let
y v( x) x
to yield:
dy dv x 3 y 1 3v
vx and
dx dx 2x 2
That is:
dv 1 v
x
dx 2
which can now be solved using the separation of variables method.
e5 x
dy
dx
e5 x 5 y e5 x e 2 x that is
d
dx
ye5 x e7 x
then:
d ye e dx so that ye5 x e7 x C
5x 7x
That is:
y e2 x Ce5 x
Py Q where e
dy Pdx
is the integrating factor
dx
Introduction
Formation of differential equations
Solution of differential equations
Bernoulli’s equation
Bernoulli’s equation
dy
Py Qy n
dx
This is solved by:
Bernoulli’s equation
Substitution yields:
dz dy
(1 n) y n
dx dx
then:
dy
(1 n) y n Py1 n (1 n)Q
dx
becomes:
dz
P1 z Q1
dx
Which can be solved using the integrating factor method.