EVALUATION OF PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus) FRUIT

WASTE SILAGE AS FEED FOR RUMINANTS; FEED INTAKE,

AND DIGESTIBILITY.

Undergraduate Research Project Proposal Presentation

By;

Shiba, Setsabile Dumsile

Supervisor; Dr T. S. Sgwane
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. Introduction
• 1.1 Background information
• 1.2 Problem statement
• 1.3 Justification of the study
• 1.4 Objectives
• 1.5 Hypothesis of the study
• 1.6 Limitations of the study.
2. Methodology
• 2.1 Site of pineapple pulp collection
• 2.2 Site of supplement collection
• 2.3 Experimental animals and their management
• 2.4 Experimental diet
• 2.5 Feeding
• 2.6 Ensiling procedure
• 2.7 Measurement of feed intake
• 2.8 Laboratory analysis of pineapple fruit waste silage
• 2.9 In vivo digestibility measurement
• 2.10 Data analysis
• 2.11 Experimental design
• 2.12 Statistical model.
3. Literature cited
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background information

• Over 14million tonnes per year of pineapple fruit are produced world wide, with
Swaziland producing 32 000 tonnes (Gowda et al., 2015; FAO, 2004).

• Fruit cannery processing produces by-products that account for about 50% of the fruit.

• By-products consist of pealed skin, core and juice and can be used as feed for animals.

• In 2014 livestock population was estimated to be at 1 077 152 but the numbers have
drastically declined due to current drought experienced by the country (MOAC, 2014).

• Pineapple bran has been used as animal feed in dairy farms in China and Thailand

• Low cost alternative feed sources are necessary as they reduce reliance on grain and
imported feed
 1. INTRODUCTION CONT…
• Pineapple waste has a low dry Table 1: Chemical composition of feed
matter content therefore requiring stuffs
processing to improve its keeping Parameters PFW MC SLD
quality (Sruamsiri, 2007).
Dry matter 13.85 90.83 92.4
• Ensiling improves palatability of Ash 7.01 7.67 5.81
silage additives like maize cobs. Crude protein 3.86 3.98 9.83
Ether extract 3.98 5.7 -
• Addition of legume to the feed will
Crude fibre 18.94 28.69 -
improve the crude protein content of
Neutral detergent
the diet
Fibre 61.1 70.6 55.1
• Agro-industrial by-products are a Acid detergent
good source of dietary fibre. Fibre 40.44 51.58 36.6
Source; Suksathit et al. (2014); Akinfemi,
(2010); Baloyi et al. (2008).
 1. INTRODUCTION CONT…
1.3 Problem statement

• 70% of the Swazi population resides in rural areas where 63% of these live in poverty on
Swazi Nation Land (Musaba et al., 2014).

• 81% cattle are found on SNL with low productivity, partly as a result of poor quality and
quantity of pasture fodder during the dry season (Mavimbela et al., 2010).

• Animal performance is dependent on quality of feed.

• Maize by-products readily available and are fed to livestock but the poor nutrient content
reduces palatability.

• Fruit cannery plants produce by-products that can be used to enhance the nutrient
content of ruminant animal feeds .
 1. INTRODUCTION CONT…
1.4 Justification of the study

• Use of locally available agro-industrial by-products will provide farmers with a cheap
source of winter feed.

• Pineapple fruit waste is currently disposed of by the cannery plant.

• Farmers interested in using this by-product can acquire it without a charge.

• Alternative storage techniques will provide long lasting solutions to winter feed shortages.
 1. INTRODUCTION CONT…
1.5 Objectives

• The overall objective is to investigate the nutritive value of pineapple fruit waste silage as
a sole diet for ruminants.

• The specific objectives are;

1. To determine the fermentation characteristics of pineapple fruit waste silage ensiled

with various levels of ground maize cobs and silver leaf desmodium.

2. To determine the chemical composition of pineapple fruit waste silage

3. To determine feed intake and digestibility of pineapple fruit waste silage.

 1. INTRODUCTION CONT…
1.6 Hypothesis of the study

• Ho; Feeding ruminants different levels of pineapple fruit waste silage will not affect feed
intake, digestibility and weight gain.

• Ha; Feeding ruminants different levels of pineapple fruit waste silage will affect feed
intake, digestibility and weight gain.

1.7 Limitations of the study

• This study will use goats as a model for ruminants due to the high costs associated with
feeding large ruminants.
 2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Site of pineapple fruit waste collection

• Pineapple fruit waste will be collected from the fruit cannery plant, Swazican, at Malkerns.

2.2 Site of collection of supplements

• Protein supplement silver leaf desmodium will be collected from around the UNISWA
Luyengo Campus farm and Malkerns Research Station.

• Ground maize cobs with sheaths will be obtained from the UNISWA Luyengo Campus
farm.

• Ingredients mixed and ensiled in black polythene bags.

 2. METHODOLOGY CONT…

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Washing
2. Grading
3. Pealing
4. Pealed skin and core
5. Solid and Liquid pineapple fruit waste
6. Solid pineapple waste

5.
6.
Shiba (2015)
 2. METHODOLOGY CONT…
2.3 Experimental animals and their management

• A total of twelve (12) male goats will be purchased from farmers around the Manzini
region, and dewormed before feeding with Ivermectin 1% .

• They will be placed in clean disinfected metabolic crates and fed hay ad libitum upon
arrival as part of adaptation phase which will lasts for 14 days.

• The goats will be randomly allocated to the three treatments with four animals per
treatment.

• Animals will have access to fresh clean water in the metabolic crates at all times
 2. METHODOLOGY CONT…
2.4 Experimental diets

• The basal diet consists of ensiled pineapple fruit waste

• Supplemented with maize cobs and silver leaf desmodium to increase dry matter and
nitrogen contents respectively.

Table 1: Dietary treatments

Diets Maize cobs Pineapple waste Silver leaf desmodium

Diet A 0% + 85% + 15%

Diet B 5% + 80% + 15%

Diet C 10% + 75% + 15%

 2. METHODOLOGY CONT…
2.5 Feeding

• Animals will be fed at 0600 hours for forty-two days.

• Feed will be weighed and recorded before being given to the animals ad libitum and
adjustments for 10-20% refusals will be allowed.

• Introduction of treatment diets will be gradual during the 14 day adaptation phase to
prevent acidosis.

2.6 Ensiling procedure

• Silage will be ensiled in black polythene plastic bags for a period of 21 days before being
fed to experimental animals.

• Air will be forced out of the bag before sealing it tightly to prevent entry of oxygen
allowing anaerobic fermentation.
 2. METHODOLOGY CONT…
2.7 Laboratory analysis of pineapple fruit waste silage

• Dry matter will be analysed by oven drying at 650C for 72 hours (AOAC, 1999).

• Crude protein (CP) will be analyzed by Kjeldahl method.

• Detergent system; Acid detergent fiber and Neutral detergent fiber (Van soest., 1991)

• A pH meter will be used to measure the pH of the silage.

• Sensory evaluation - mouldiness, odour, colour and moisture (Ukanwoko and Igwe,
2012).
 2. METHODOLOGY CONT…
2.8 Measurement of feed intake

• Feed will be offered ad libitum to the animals

• Before addition of new feed, the previous feed will be weighed to measure the refusal
percentage.

• Feed intake will be measured as the weight difference of the eaten feed in relation to the
offered feed weight deducting the daily refusal allowance (10-20%).

• The dry matter content of the feed will be a measure of silage dry matter intake.
 2. METHODOLOGY CONT…
2.9 In vivo digestibility measurement

• Digestibility will be determined by total collection method as outlined by Dadvar et al.

(2014).

• Faecal samples will be collected from sieves of metabolic crates and weighed with 10%
of the total weight collected and store in a freezer

• Thaw samples and oven dry at 60-650C for 72 hours .

• Ground to pass through 1mm sieve for proximate analysis

• Compare nutrient content of feed to that found in the faeces to measure nutrient
digestibility.
 2. METHODOLOGY CONT…
2.10 Data Analysis

• Data will be analysed using Statistical Programme of Social Sciences (SPSS).

• A One Way ANOVA will be used to test the effects of different levels of pineapple fruit

waste in a diet.

• To compare the different levels of the variable, an F-test will be used.

• If the F-test is significant, the mean separation test using least significant difference

(LSD) will be performed to identify the set of means which are significantly different.
 2. METHODOLOGY CONT…
2.11 Experimental Design

• A total of twelve male goats in a completely randomized design (CRD) will be used.

2.12 Statistical model

Yij = µ + ti + eij

Where:

Yij = the record of the jth individual assigned to the ith treatment

µ = the overall mean common to all observations

ti = the effect of having treatment level i (i = 85%, 80%, 75%)

eij = random error

Table 2; Work plan of the Research Project
Months

Activity Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April

2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016

Cleaning and preparation of
metabolic crates.
Milling maize cobs
Sample silage preparation and
analysis.
Collection and drying of silver
leaf desmodium leaves
Silage preparation
Adaptation phase of animals

Feeding and data collection

Data analysis

Write up and submission of

report
 3. LITERATURE CITED
• Gowda, N. K. S., Vallesha, N. C., Awachat, V. B., Anandan, S., Pal, D. T. and Prasad, C.
S. (2015). Study on evaluation of silage from pineapple (Ananas comosus) fruit residue
as livestock feed. Tropical Animal Health and Production 47: 557–561.

• Sruamsiri, S. (2007). Agricultural wastes as dairy feed in Chiang Mai. Animal Science
Journal.

• Dadvar, P., Dayani, O.,Mehdipour, M. and Morovat, M. (2014). Determination of physical

characteristics, chemical composition and digestion coefficients of treated lemon pulp
with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in goat diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal
Nutrition 99: 107-113.

• Mavimbela, P., Masuku, M. B. and Belete, A. (2010). Contribution of savings and credit
cooperatives to food crop production in Swaziland: A case study of smallholder farmers.
African Journal of Agricultural Research 5(21), pp. 2868-2874.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING