Report on Channel

Model

Chrysovalantis Kosta
Agenda

 Wireless Channel Characteristics

 Path loss
 Shadowing
 And how we may simulate these??
Wireless Channel Characteristics

Wireless Channel of different com terminal

 Path Loss
 Large scale
 Long duration

 Shadowing
 Medium Scale
 Medium Duration

 Multipath Fading
 Small Scale
 Small Duration

fading effect ? duration ?

Path Loss (Large-scale fading effect)

 Path Loss L is the path loss in decibels

L  C  10  n  log10 (d ) C is a constant which accounts

for system losses

 Example n is the path loss exponent

 Path Loss for Urban d is the distance between the

transmitter and the receiver,
L  128  37.6  log10 (d )
C= 128 n=3.76

 Free Space Loss

L  127  30  log10 (d )
C= 127 n=3
Example from LTE simulator

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networkPathlossMap.plot_pathloss(cell ID) / .plot_pathloss_all
Shadowing (Medium-Scale Fading effect)

 Shadowing (Log-normal fading loss)

X normal (mean,std)  X normal ( 0, 8 ~ 10 )
Shadowing (Medium-Scale Fading effect)

 Shadowing (Log-normal fading loss)

 1-D dimensional shadowing

X new ( s)  1  a   X old (so )  a  X normal (mean,std);

New value Old value

 Distance 
a = exp  - 
 CorrelationDistance 
Shadowing (macro-cell diversity )

 As shadowing effects occur over a large area, in

order to be able to capture the dynamics
affecting macro-cell diversity in a realistic way, a
two-dimensional Gaussian process with
appropriate spatial correlation is desirable.
Shadowing

 Shadowing (Log-normal fading loss)

 2D dimensional shadowing

Impulse
Response Gaussian Table
Table
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80 10
2D convolution
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0
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140 -10

X normal (mean,std) 160

-20
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200 -30

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Evaluation of Shadowing model

 Calculating the mean value (should be 0)

 Calculating the std value (should be std)
 Plotting the histogram
Example from LTE simulator

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networkPathlossMap.plot_shadowing(cell ID) /.plot_both_path_shawdow_all
 Examples from LTE simulator

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Examples from LTE simulator

networkPathlossMap.plot_pathloss_all

networkPathlossMap.plot_both_path_shawdow_all
Questions and Answers
Fast Fading Channel Model

 The channel model consists into mobile wireless channel

with L moving scatters.
 The Fourier transform of the channel response is the
time varying frequency response which can be described
as:

 where
 hl  the complex amplitude
 τl  time delay of the lth path.
Simulating flat fast fading

 Inputs:
 Ns : number of samples in the generated fading
impulse response
 Ts : Sampling Interval in seconds
 Fd : Maximum Doppler Frequency in Hz
=
 M : # of Sinusoids

 Output:
 Gt : complex channel impulse response
Modeling flat fast fading (Matthias method )

M
Fd

f ( m )  f d  sin( )  (m  0.5)
2M Ns & Ts
 ( m)  rand  2  
1 2
Gc (t )     cos(2    f d (m )  t   (m ))
m 2 M
1 2
Gc (t )     sin(2    f d (m )  t   (m ))
m 2 M
Gt (t )  Gc (t )  i  Gs (t )
Evaluation of flat fast fading channel model

 Phase 1
 Autocorrelation of Real part (Fig.1)
 Autocorrelation of Imag. part (Fig.2)
 Cross correlation of Real part (Fig.3)
 Autocorrelation of Amplitude (Fig.4)

 Phase 2
 Normalized LCR (Level crossing rate) (Fig.5)
 Normalized AFD (Average Fading Dur.) (Fig.6)
 Fading Amplitude Fig.7
 Matthias Patzold

Autocorrelation of Real part Autocorrelation of Imag. part

Cross correlation of Real part Autocorrelation of Amplitude

 Jakes Model

Autocorrelation of Real part Autocorrelation of Imag. part

Cross correlation of Real part Autocorrelation of Amplitude

 Yahong

Autocorrelation of Real part Autocorrelation of Imag. part

Cross correlation of Real part Autocorrelation of Amplitude

 Optimal

Autocorrelation of Real part Autocorrelation of Imag. part

Cross correlation of Real part Autocorrelation of Amplitude

 Matthias Patzold

Level Average
crossing Fading
rate Duration

Fading
Amplitude
 Jakes Model

Level Average
crossing Fading
rate Duration

Fading
Amplitude
 Yahong

Level Average
crossing Fading
rate Duration

Fading
Amplitude
Channel Impulse Response

Signal power
in dB

Delay of each path in sec

BS
Examples of ITU models
Simulating Selective Fading

 Simulate multiple flat fading layers

 Multiply and shift according to the channel
profile
 (in terms of multipath signal strength and delay)
Example of ITU model using PedB

• Doppler frequency at 100Hz

• Sampling interval 1/1920000

• Number of Samples 4000

• Number of Sinusoids 10
Questions and Answers