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D. Copper 4. Amorphous
Codes
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 2 4 3 1
(c) 1 3 4 2 (d) 2 3 4 1
IES-2003
Match List-I (Crystal Structure) with List-II (Example) and
select the correct answer using the codes given below the
Lists:
List-I List-II
(Crystal Structure) (Example)
A. Simple Cubic 1. Zinc
B. Body-centered Cubic 2. Copper
C. Face-centered Cubic 3. Alpha iron at room
temperature
D. Hexagonal Close Packed 4. Manganese
Codes:A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 1 2 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 3 4 1 2
IES-1998
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
List-I List-II
(Material) (Structure)
A. Charcoal 1. F.C.C
B. Graphite 2. H.C.P
C. Chromium 3. Amorphous
D. Copper 4. B.C.C
Code:A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4
IES-2001
Match List-I (Name of the Element) with List-II
(Crystal Structure) and select the correct answer using
the codes given below the lists:
List I List II
A. Fluorspar 1. Body-centered cubic
B. Alpha-Iron 2. Hexagonal closed packed
C. Silver 3. Simple cubic
D. Zinc 4. Face-centered cubic
Codes:A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 4 2 3 1 (d) 3 1 4 2
IES-2006
Match List-I (Element) with List-II (Crystal Structure)
and select the correct answer using the code given
below the Lists:
List - I List - II
A. Alpha Iron 1.Hexagonal closed packed
B. Copper 2.Body-centred cubic
C. Zinc 3.Amorphous
D. Glass 4.Face-centred cubic
Codes:A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 3 1 4 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 1 3 2 4
Plastic deformation
Following the elastic deformation, material undergoes
plastic deformation.
Also characterized by relation between stress and
strain at constant strain rate and temperature.
Microscopically, it involves breaking atomic bonds,
moving atoms, then restoration of bonds.
Stress-Strain relation here is complex because of
atomic plane movement, dislocation movement, and
the obstacles they encounter.
Crystalline solids deform by processes – slip and
twinning in particular directions.
Contd…
Amorphous solids deform by viscous flow mechanism
without any directionality.
Because of the complexity involved, theory of plasticity
neglects the following effects:
Anelastic strain, which is time dependent
recoverable strain.
Hysteresis behavior resulting from loading and
unloading of material.
Bauschinger effect – dependence of yield stress on
loading path and direction.
Equations relating stress and strain are called
constitutive equations.
Contd…
A true stress-strain curve is called flow curve as it gives
the stress required to cause the material to flow
plastically to certain strain.
Because of the complexity involved, there have been
many stress-strain relations proposed.
Contd…
Fig. Recrystallization
of 70-30 brass:
(a) cold-worked 33%;
(b)heated at 580°C
(1075°F) for 3 seconds,
(c) 4 seconds, and
(d) 8 seconds
Plastic deformation in
polycrystalline metals
Gross plastic deformation of a polycrystalline specimen
corresponds to the comparable distortion of the individual
grains by means of slip. Although some grains may be oriented
favourably for slip, yielding cannot occur unless the
unfavourably oriented neighbouring grains can also slip.
Thus in a polycrystalline aggregate, individual grains provide a
mutual geometrical constraint on one other, and this precludes
plastic deformation at low applied stresses.
That is to initiate plastic deformation, polycrystalline metals
require higher stresses than for equivalent single crystals, where
stress depends on orientation of the crystal.
Much of this increase is attributed to geometrical reasons.
Contd…
Slip in polycrystalline material involves generation,
movement and (re-)arrangement of dislocations.
The second important mechanism of plastic
deformation is twinning. It results when a portion of
crystal takes up an orientation that is related to the
orientation of the rest of the untwined lattice in a
definite, symmetrical way.
The twinned portion of the crystal is a mirror image of
the parent crystal. The plane of symmetry is called
twinning plane.