National Taiwan University

Department of Civil Engineering

Introduction to Seismic Design of Structures
(1-1)

Strategies for Prevention of

Earthquake Disaster
Lap-Loi Chung (鍾立來)
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University
Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
Strategies for Prevention of EQ Disaster
Humble: impossible to eliminate earthquake
disasters
Confident: possible to minimize earthquake
disasters

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Strategies for Prevention of EQ Disaster
Fault rupture: 斷層破裂
Earthquake report: 地震報告
Hypocenter: 震源
Epicenter: 震央
Latitude: 緯度
Longitude: 經度
Focal depth: 震源深度
Magnitude: 規模
Intensity: 震度
Felt earthquake: 有感地震
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Strategies for Prevention of EQ Disaster
Earthquake prediction: 地震預測
Earthquake early warning: 地震早期預警
Seismometer: 地震儀
Pressure wave: 壓力波
Shear wave: 剪力波
Hypocenter distance: 震源距離
Epicenter distance: 震央距離
Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System,
TELES: 臺灣地震損失評估系統
Scenario simulation: 情景模擬
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Strategies for Prevention of EQ Disaster
Early loss estimation: 早期損失評估
Hook: 彎鉤
Seismic design: 耐震設計
Seismic construction: 耐震施工
Seismic evaluation: 耐震評估
Seismic retrofit: 耐震補強

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 20160206 Meinong Earthquake

Date: 2016. 2. 6
Time: 03:57:26
Epicenter:
22.92 N Lat.,
120.54 E Long.
Focal depth:
14.6 km
Magnitude: 6.6
Intensities

Earthquake report issued by Central Weather Bureau

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 2016 Meinong Earthquake

Deaths: 117
Injuries: 551

Disastrous earthquake (more than 100 deaths)

every 15 to 20 years
Dr. Wen-Yu Jean (簡文郁)
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 Strategy 1: Leaving away from Taiwan
Taiwan locates at seismically active area
Strategy 1: Leaving away from Taiwan
2.3 million people
Stay in Taiwan
Live in Taiwan
Love Taiwan

Strategy 1, not applicable!

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 Strategy 2: Predicting Earthquake

3 key elements
Time: year, month, day, hour, minute
Location: epicenter (latitude and longitude), focal
depth
Magnitude

More than 20 thousand earthquakes every year, 1

thousand felt.
Only magnitude higher than six may cause disaster.

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 Strategy 2: Predicting Earthquake
Strategy 2: Predicting earthquake
Energy released by earthquake with magnitude 7 is
32 times that with magnitude 6,
1000 times that with magnitude 5.

If guess earthquake tomorrow, wild but good guess.

Very high chance of guessing right.
Without accurate magnitude and position,
not applicable for evacuation and prevention.

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 Strategy 2: Predicting Earthquake
If guess disastrous earthquake in 15 to 20 years,
high chance of guessing right.
Without accurate time and location,
not applicable for evacuation and prevention

Predicting earthquake
not mature to announce,
not applicable for evacuation
not applicable for prevention.
Strategy 2, not mature to be applicable!

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 Strategy 3: Early Warning
Earthquake did happen,
warning before arrival of seismic wave,
do something for disaster prevention.
Regional earthquake early warning,
detect earthquake by station near epicenter,
issue warning to places farther away.
Speed of electronic signal, 300,000 km/s,
speed of seismic wave, 3.5 to 6.5 km/s,
speed difference for warning.
Epicenter unknown in advance,
monitoring network of seismometers necessary.
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 Strategy 3: Early Warning
On-site earthquake early warning
Speed of pressure wave (P wave) 6.5 km/s,
faster, less intense, non-destructive.
Speed of shear wave (S wave) 3.5 km/s,
slower, intense, more destructive.
Upon arrival of P wave, issue warning
before arrival of S wave.
Only one seismometer necessary.

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 Strategy 3: Early Warning
2016 Meinong earthquake 高雄市
3.77s 杉林區
7 km

Epicenter distance 7 km
Intensity 213 gal
Warning time 3.77 s

Dr. Pei-Yang Lin

(林沛暘)
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 Strategy 3: Early Warning
2016 Meinong earthquake 高鐵/雲林
12.59s 77 km

Epicenter distance 77 km
Intensity 144 gal
Warning time 12.59 s

Dr. Pei-Yang Lin

(林沛暘)
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 Strategy 3: Early Warning
Sites near epicenter,
higher intensity,
higher risk of disaster,
more demanding on early warning,
but shorter warning time.
Sites far from epicenter,
lower intensity,
lower risk of disaster,
less demanding on early warning,
but longer warning time.
Dr. Pei-Yang Lin
(林沛暘)

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 Strategy 3: Early Warning
Warning time, seconds to ten plus seconds.
People on first floor, escape to open space.
People on second or above floors, to be shielded.
Elevator stops at nearby floor, leaves door open,
avoid from being trapped.
High speed train slows down, avoid derailment.
High technology fabrication plants
stop manufacturing process, reduce loss.
Dr. Pei-Yang Lin
(林沛暘)
Strategy 3, applicable with limitation!
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Strategy 4: Making Disaster Prevention Plan
Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System,
TELES, developed by NCREE
Assign scenario earthquake
Estimate loss (human lives, economic)
Make disaster prevention plan
Relieve loss
Recover faster
Dr. Chin-Hsun Yeh
(葉錦勳)
Strategy 4, applicable for preparedness!
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 Strategy 5: Early Loss Estimation
Thousands of scenarios simulated including every
single possible earthquake, store in database.
Once receive earthquake report,
compare with scenarios,
pick up the most-matched one,
issue early loss estimation results.
Early loss estimation results,
PGA (peak ground acceleration) distribution,
damaged building distribution,
casualties distribution.
Dr. Chin-Hsun Yeh
(葉錦勳)
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 Strategy 5: Early Loss Estimation
Minutes after receiving earthquake report, loss
estimation results generated.
Have idea of level and distribution of disaster.
Deploy rescue resources prior to reconnaissance.
Reduce secondary disaster (fire, disease).
Recover earlier.

Dr. Chin-Hsun Yeh

(葉錦勳)

Strategy 5, applicable for emergency response!

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 Strategy 5: Early Loss Estimation
2016 Meinong earthquake
Acquire results in one minute after receiving
earthquake report
Building damage
distribution

Number of buildings
totally collapsed
partially collapsed
• 1-3 story 302
PGA • 4-7 story 46 Dr. Chin-Hsun Yeh
distribution • 8 story or above 9 (葉錦勳)
• Total 357 21
Strategy 6: Seismic Design and Construction

1997, modern and matured seismic design codes

published.
1999, Chi-Chi earthquake, seismic construction put
into practice.
Built after 1999, no serious damage
in 2016 Meinong earthquake.

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Strategy 6: Seismic Design and Construction

Nice failure mode

Strong column and weak beam
No soft and weak story
Seismic detailing
135-degree hook
closely spaced transverse reinforcement
splice

Strategy 6, applicable for new structure

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 Strategy 7: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
23.0433oN, 120.4778 oE; as dangerous building

2016 Meinong EQ
Nan-Hua (南化)
District Office
Column damaged;
Pipe imbedded
in cover concrete.

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 Strategy 7: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
22.9675 oN, 120.2939 oE
No damage
Operational
Emergency
Response Center

Before (Google Map)

Guei-Ren (歸仁)
District Office

After (RC walls)

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 Strategy 7: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
22.9675 oN, 120.2939 oE Guei-Ren (歸仁)
District Office
No damage
Operational
Emergency Response
Center

Retrofit with RC walls

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 Strategy 7: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
District offices
Without retrofit, structural damage, not as
emergency response center
With retrofit, no damage, operational, as
emergency response center
Seismic retrofit is cost effective

Strategy 7, applicable for existing structures!

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 Strategies for Prevention of EQ disaster
(1-1) Videos on Strategies for Prevention of
Earthquake Disaster
English https://youtu.be/P0-ZqkSWAgk
Chinese https://youtu.be/Pv0zlzDh9DI

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 Strategies for Prevention of EQ disaster
(2-1) Videos on Fundamental Vibration Period
English https://youtu.be/heIqjIP3dJM
Chinese https://youtu.be/-WPHcpRCGqw
(2-2)Videos on Simplified Calculation of
Fundamental Period
English https://youtu.be/PFAtC5GcN1Y
Chinese https://youtu.be/CmILRnIS65w
(3-1) Forced Vibration of Undamped Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/R3ouXosWlvA
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ

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 Strategies for Prevention of EQ disaster
(3-2) Forced Vibration of Undamped Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/NYB0ZMqWDLY
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ
(4) Videos on Damping of Structure
English https://youtu.be/bt3XDUG-VYg
Chinese https://youtu.be/W2K-zTz4WvU

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 Strategies for Prevention of EQ disaster
Earthquake disaster, impossible to be eliminated,
Possible to be minimized.
Disaster prevention, multiple strategies.

For next disastrous earthquake,

be well prepared!

Thank you!

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