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BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
FIXED CANNED CYCLES
EXERCISES
FAGOR SIMULATOR
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias 1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias 2
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias 3
INTRODUCTION
Definition
CNC (Computer Numerical Control (CNC) refers to the method of controlling a machine tool or
the machining process by means of a computer.
Coded numerical instructions are inserted into the CNC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Brief history
1942 Bendix Corporation, a USA helicopter blade manufacturingcompany,
needs three-dimensional cam parts.
Coordination of movements is necessary.
by Endika Gandarias 4
INTRODUCTION
CLOSED LOOP
Position Velocity
Feedback Feedback
Every position of an absolute device is unique. The feedback signal is always referenced to a start
The disk has many circular tracks, the higher the or home position. They need an external processing
number of tracks the higher the resolution. of signals.
These devices do not lose position when power In the event of a power failure, it must be
is removed (homing sequence not needed on reinitialized.
startup). They are susceptible to noise, thus, errors.
They do not accumulate errors (not affected by They are simpler and cheaper.
noise signal).
They are more complex and expensive.
by Endika Gandarias 6
INTRODUCTION
Feedback devices
Advantages
High Repeatability + High Trueness = HighAccuracy.
More complex 3-dimensional geometries.
Increasing Trueness
Better quality.
Higher productivity.
Greater safety and lower operator qualification.
Greater flexibility to part changes.
Minimizes human errors.
Type of machines
Turning Centers Grinding Machines
Milling Centers EDM Machines
Machining Centers Laser-Cutting Machines
Drilling Machines …
CNC manufacturers
by Endika Gandarias 9
INTRODUCTION
Axis nomenclature
A+
C+
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias 10
INTRODUCTION
Reference systems
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias 11
INTRODUCTION
Reference systems
M Machine Zero or home: This is set by the manufacturer as the origin of the coordinate
system of the machine.
W Part zero or point of origin of the part: This is the origin point that is set for
programming the measurements of the part. It can be freely selected by the programmer.
by Endika Gandarias 12
INTRODUCTION
2 Power ON
5 Set Machine Reference (R) Define Tool Length & Radius Offsets
8 Run Program
9 Power OFF
by Endika Gandarias 13
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
by Endika Gandarias 14
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
R R R R
TOOL LENGTH
COMPENSATION OFF
G44 L1 L2 L3 L4
OFFSET TABLE
TOOL
TOOL RADIUS LENGTH
OFFSET
T1 D1 55.234
T2 D1 72.345
T3 D1 61.098
T4 D1 66.683
… … ... …
TOOL LENGTH
COMPENSATION ON
G43
R R R R
by Endika Gandarias 15
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
X High accuracy.
Based on camera images (contact methods were used in
the past).
Tool length (L) and radius (R) values are measured.
Minimizes tool setting times.
Used at high production runs.
by Endika Gandarias 16
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
R R R R
W
L1 < 0
W L3 < 0 L4 = 0
L2 > 0
Low accuracy.
Time consuming method.
Only tool length (L) values are measured.
Tool is rotating and thus, part or referencing block gets marked.
TOOL LENGTH MEASUREMENT
by Endika Gandarias 17
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
BASED ON A REF.TOOL
3 Using a tool length setter gauge R R
L1=0 L2<0
VIDEO L1
L2
z1
z2
Good accuracy.
Time consuming method. 50 50
M
Only tool length (L) values are measured.
L1= z1-50 L2= z2-50
Part or referencing block does not get marked.
TOOL LENGTH MEASUREMENT
by Endika Gandarias 18
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
Low RPM
High accuracy.
VIDEO
Fast method.
Tool length (L) and radius (R) values are measured.
TOOL LENGTH MEASUREMENT
Tool rotates counterclockwise not to mark the probe at low RPM.
TOOL RADIUS MEASUREMENT
by Endika Gandarias 19
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
Highest accuracy.
Fast method.
Tool length (L) and radius (R) values are measured.
Tool rotates at working conditions. TOOL LENGTH MEASUREMENT
VIDEO VIDEO TOOL RADIUS MEASUREMENT
by Endika Gandarias 20
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
Vise stop
Clamps (with or without centering pins) Vise (with or without vise stop)
by Endika Gandarias 21
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
Y Y
Y Y
X Z
X Z
Symmetry
X-Y axis part symmetry Stationary chuck & Y axis part symmetry
by Endika Gandarias 22
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
X Y
Y
X
X
Z
X Z
X
Stationary chuck & left lower part Stationary chuck & Y axis part symmetry
by Endika Gandarias 23
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
VIDEO
Low accuracy. Low accuracy.
Tool is rotating and thus, part gets
VIDEO
marked.
X Optical edge finder similar
Y DATUM SETTING X
DATUM SETTING
Z Y
by Endika Gandarias 24
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
High accuracy.
X
Y DATUM SETTING
VIDEO VIDEO Z
by Endika Gandarias 28
REFERENCE SYSTEMS
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias 26
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
FAGOR 8055-M
by Endika Gandarias 27
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Block structure
/ N**** G** X****.*** Y****.*** Z****.*** A****.*** B****.*** C****.*** F****.** S****.**
Speed function
Block identification
Identifies the block of information.
The feed function F is the speed at which the tool The speed function S is the speed at which the
center point moves. tool (in milling) or part (in turning) rotates.
The programmed F is effective working in linear The maximum S value is limited by the machine
(G01) or circular (G02, G03). parameters.
by Endika Gandarias 29
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
TOOL TOOL
TOOL RADIUS LENGTH … TOOL RADIUS LENGTH …
OFFSET OFFSET
D1 8.002 55.234 … D1 4.000 72.345 …
T1
D2 7.502 55.234 …
T2
D2 11.990 60.036 … …
D3 8.002 55.026 … D3 7.500 33.110 …
… … … … … … … …
by Endika Gandarias 30
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
M functions DESCRIPTION
M00 Program STOP / Spindle STOP / Coolant OFF
M03 Spindle ON clockwise
M04 Spindle ON counterclockwise
M05 Spindle STOP
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant ON
M09 Coolant OFF
M30 End of program
by Endika Gandarias 31
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
by Endika Gandarias 32
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
G00 X Y G01 X Y
TP TP
(TP) (TP)
(SP) (SP)
… …
N80 G00 X500 Y300 N120 G01 X500 Y300 F400
… …
by Endika Gandarias 33
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE 1
= SP
by Endika Gandarias 34
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
G02 X Y I J G03 X Y I J
CC
TP TP
J J
CC
SP I I
SP
… …
N60 G02 X300 Y300 I200 J0 N60 G03 X300 Y300 I0 J200
… …
by Endika Gandarias 35
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
G02 X Y R G03 X Y R
TP
SP
TP
SP
… …
R+ N40 G02 X400 Y150 R150 R+ N40 G03 X400 Y300 R150
… …
… …
R ˗̶ N40 G02 X400 Y150 R-150 R ˗̶ N40 G03 X400 Y300 R-150
… …
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BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE 2 EXERCISE 3
SP SP
w w
EXERCISE 4 EXERCISE 5
SP SP
w w
by Endika Gandarias 37
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE 6
SP
by Endika Gandarias 38
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
G91: The positioning data corresponds to the distance to be travelled from the point
where the tool is situated.
= SP
by Endika Gandarias 39
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE 7 EXERCISE 8
SP
SP
by Endika Gandarias 40
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Other functions
REPEAT
(RPT N ,N )N
From To Number of
block block repetitions
EXERCISE 9
SP
by Endika Gandarias 41
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
by Endika Gandarias 42
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
100
80
60
60
SP
40
20 Security
distance ~ 2 mm
20 40 60 80 100
N00 T1 D1 ; Ø28mm end-mill, assign tool 1 value D1
N10 M06 ; Tool change action
N20 G00 G43 X14 Y40 Z100 F400 S1500 M03
N30 G00 Z58
N40 G01 X116 Y40
N50 G00 X116 Y54
N60 G01 X14 Y54
N70 G00 X14 Y68
N80 G01 X116 Y68
N90 G00 X116 Y82
N100 G01 X14 Y82
N110 G00 X14 Y96
N120 G01 X116 Y96
N130 G00 Z100
N130 M30 ; End of program
by Endika Gandarias 43
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Face milling
EXERCISE 10
by Endika Gandarias 44
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
The CNC starts executing the following block as The CNC starts executing the following block as
soon as the position programmed in the current soon as deceleration of the currently executing
block has reached the dead band (default) axes start (“?” distance depends on the feedrate
Sharp edges, Machining time ↑, Shocks ↑. F value) Rounded edges, Machining time ↓
To be used with G00: face milling, canned NOT to be used with G00: slot milling,
cycles, … Fx engraving, contouring,…
Fx
t t t
Deceleration
t
Constant feed
Acceleration
Fy Fy
DEAD BAND: The range
through which an input can be
w varied without initiating response w
… …
N60 G01 G07 X50 Y100 F400 N60 G01 G05 X50 Y100 F400
N70 G01 X140 Y100 F300 N70 G01 X140 Y100 F300
… …
by Endika Gandarias 45
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
by Endika Gandarias 46
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Slot milling
+Z Tool: Ø10mm H.S.S. end-mill
ap TOTAL = 6mm ; ap = 2mm
60
40
20 6
20 40 60 80 100
Slot milling
+Z
EXERCISE 11
60
40
Tool: Ø16mm H.M. end-mill, z=3
20 Material: Steel
5
ap TOTAL = 5mm ; ap = 2.5mm
100
85 • •
65 • •
40
•
SP
35 55 65 85
by Endika Gandarias 48
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Engraving
+Z
Tool: Ø12mm HSS engraving tool, z=1
EXERCISE 12
60
Material: Steel
40
20 40 60 80 100
100
70
60
52.5
45
20
H.M. H.S.S.
engraving tool engraving tool
20 35 45 55 70 85 100
by Endika Gandarias 49
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
The CNC automatically calculates the path the tool should follow based on the contour of the part
and the tool radius value stored in the tool offsettable.
by Endika Gandarias 50
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Tool entry & exit should always be perpendicular to the workpiece contour.
Tool entry & exit should be avoided to be from a workpiece edge may produce burr.
SP G41
…
22.5
30 N50 G01 G41 G05 X77.5 Y70 F400
N60 G01 X100 Y70
70 • N70 G01 X100 Y60
N80 G03 X85 Y45 I0 J-15
60
N90 G02 X70 Y30 I-15 J0
N100 G01 X50 Y30
45 N110 G01 X20 Y20
N120 G01 X25 Y70
30 N130 G03 X55 Y70 I15 J0
20 N140 G01 X77.5 Y70
N150 G01 G40 G07 X77.5 Y100
…
20 25 50 55 70 85 100
by Endika Gandarias 51
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
by Endika Gandarias 52
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Profile milling
EXERCISE 13 +Z
60
30
Roughing operation
Tool: Ø8mm H.M. end-mill, z=3
30 60 90 120 150 Material: Aluminium
60
30
•
30 60 90 120 150
25
SP
by Endika Gandarias 53
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
G36 R G39 R
It rounds a corner with a determined radius, It chamfers corners between two straight lines,
without having to calculate the center nor the without having to calculate intersection points.
start and end points of the arc. Function G39 is not modal.
Function G36 is not modal.
… …
N60 G01 G36 R5 X250 Y450 F400 N60 G01 G39 R15 X350 Y600 F400
N70 G01 X400 Y0 N70 G01 X500 Y0
… …
by Endika Gandarias 54
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
It is used to create a tangential entry in Finishing It is used to create a tangential entry in Finishing
operations so tool entry mark can be unnoticeable operations so tool exit mark can be unnoticeable
(not necessary for roughing). (not necessary for roughing).
RENTRY REXIT
G37 RENTR
12 ≥ 11 12 ≥ 11
LENTRY LEXIT
Y
25 ≥ 2 * 12 25 ≥ 2 * 12
… …
N60 G01 G05 G41 G37 R12 X25 Y30 ; Tool Ø 22mm N60 G01 G38 R12 X25 Y30 ; Tool Ø 22mm
N70 G01 X10 Y30 N70 G01 G07 G40 X25 Y5
… …
by Endika Gandarias 55
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
3 4
WORKPIECE
RENTRY = REXIT
G38 REXIT
LENTRY
1
2 5 = LEXIT
G01 G01
G05 G07
G41 G40
G37 RENTRY
NOTE:
0 - G37 & G38 only for finishing operations.
by Endika Gandarias 56
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
by Endika Gandarias 57
BASIC ISO PROGRAMMING
Profile milling
EXERCISE 14
+Z
Roughing operation:
SP Finishing operation:
+Y
Tool: Ø20mm H.M. end-mill, z=3
Stock: 0mm
•
Material: Steel
ap TOTAL = 5mm ; ap = 2.5mm
(Use G36 R and G39 R )
by Endika Gandarias 58
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
Cycles are referred to repetitive program sequences commonly used In machining operations
that makes easier programming.
Canned cycles or Fixed cycles: They are an inbuilt feature of the CNC usually
permanently stored as a pre-program and cannot be alteredby the user (G80-G89)
User-defined cycles or Sub-routines: They are created when the necessary fixed
cycle is not available.
CANNED
CYCLE DESCRIPTION
NUMBER
by Endika Gandarias 59
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
by Endika Gandarias 60
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
1 4
by Endika Gandarias 61
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
2 3 N0 T3 D3 ; Ø10mm drill
N10 M06
N20 G00 G43 X30 Y20 Z100 F300 S1400 M03
N30 G69 G99 X30 Y20 Z2 I-60 B4 C1 D2 H10 J5 K100 L2 R0.8 ; Z2 N40
1 4 G00 G98 X30 Y50 ; Z100
N50 G69 G99 X80 Y50 Z27 I-20 B4 C1 D2 H10 J5 K100 L2 R0.8 ; Z27 N60
G98 X80 Y20 ; Z100
N40 G80
N50 M30
by Endika Gandarias 62
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
60
N0 T7 D7 ; M-10 tap
N10 M06
N20 G00 G43 X50 Y20 Z100 F600 S600 M03 N30
G84 G98 X50 Y20 Z2 I-60 R0
N40 G80
N50 M30
by Endika Gandarias 63
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
N0 T4 D4 ; Ø12H6 reamer
N10 M06
N20 G00 G43 X30 Y20 Z100 F500 S2500 M03 N30
12 G85 G99 X30 Y20 Z2 I-35 K100
N40 G00 G98 X30 Y50
2 3
N50 G85 G99 X80 Y50 Z22 I-15 K100
N60 G00 X80 Y20
N70 G80
N80 M30
1 4
by Endika Gandarias 64
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
by Endika Gandarias 65
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
EXERCISE 15
Tool:
Ø12mm H.M. spot drill, z=2
Ø7.75mm H.S.S. drill, z=2
Ø8H7 H.M. reamer, z=5
Material: Steel
by Endika Gandarias 66
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
EXERCISE 16
Tool:
Ø12mm H.M. spot drill, z=2
Ø5mm H.S.S. drill, z=2
M-6x1 H.M. tap
Material: Aluminium
by Endika Gandarias 67
FIXED CYCLES OR CANNED CYCLES
EXERCISE 17
Tool:
Ø16mm H.S.S. spot drill, z=2
Ø5mm H.S.S. drill, z=2
M-6x1 H.M. tap
Material: Steel
by Endika Gandarias 68
EXERCISES
EXERCISES
by Endika Gandarias 69
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 18
Material: Steel
by Endika Gandarias 70
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 19
Material: Aluminium
by Endika Gandarias 71
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 20
Material: Aluminium
by Endika Gandarias 72
FAGOR SIMULATOR
FAGOR SIMULATOR
by Endika Gandarias 73
FAGOR SIMULATOR
VIDEO VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias 74
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias 75
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias 76
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias 77
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias 78
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias 79