Pressure-less water heater

Boilers have no heat insulation. They are

switched on whenever needed, and switch them
selves off when the desired temperature is reached
( thermostat limiting ). They have to be switched on
manually.

Storage heaters are meant to store hot water.

They therefore have heat insulation. In addition, they
are equipped with thermostat regulator. When hot
water is taken out, the internal temperature falls and
the regulator switches on automatically. When desired
temperature has been reached, if switches off.
 Pressure-proof hot water reservoirs
(storage geysers )
• Pressure-proof hot water reservoirs are constructed much like pressure-less one.
They can however supply several taps with hot water and it is therefore not
possible to keep their outlets permanently open. Storage geysers supplying several
taps must therefore be pressure-resistant (thick-walled water containers )
• When the water is heated and expands, the back flow stopper (non return
valve ) (5) prevents pressure equalisation with the water supply mains. A safety
valve (2) is therefore necessary for pressure equalisation.
 Instant Geyser

• Unlike the usual water heaters, the instant geyser does not require a preliminary heated
period. Because of its high power rating (e.g. 18 kW, 21Kw, 24Kw, 33Kw ) the water heats up while
flowing through the geyser. When the hot water outlet tap is opened, water flows through the
pipes inside the geyser. Aflow-switch switches on the heating element immediately and switches it
off when the water stops flowing. Since the water is only heated when it is flowing, there is no
significant pressure build up thus a safety valve is not necessary.
 7.4 EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRICAL HEATING DEVICES
( THERMAL EFFICIENCY )

• In experiment 7-1 each hot plateconsumed 1500 W over a period of

240 s. This corresponds to quantity of elctrical energy :

W=P.t
W = 1500 W. 240 s
W = 3600000 Ws

During this period, the water was heated from 20° C to 76° C. This is
a temperature change ∆ T = 56 K. The mass of the water was 1 kg.
The specific heat of water is c = 4190 J/kg.K. The heat absorbed was

Q = m. c. ∆T
Q = 1 kg . 4190(J/kg.K) . 56 K
Q = 234640 J
• The hot plate generates more heat than it transfers to the
water ( or rather than the heat absorbed by the water ).
Energy losses take place the hot plate and the vessel have
to heat up, there are losses to the environment, rtc.
Electric energy consumed by the hot plate :
W in = P. T
Part of the energy supplied by the hot plate and absorbed
by the water :
W out = m . c. ∆T
• The efficiency of the hot plate is thus :
  W out / W in
  m. c . ∆T / P. T
  1 kg. 4190 J/kg.K . 56 K : 1500 W. 240 s
  0.65
The hot plate has a low thermal efficiency of 65%