PROPAGASI

GELOMBANG RADIO
BAND FREKUENSI RADIO (ITU)
• ELF
3-30 Hz Extremely Low Frequency
• SLF
30-300 Hz Super Low Frequency
• ULF
300 Hz-3 kHz Ultra Low Frequency
• VLF
3-30 kHz Very Low Frequency
• LF
30-300 kHz Low Frequency
• MF
300 kHz-3 MHz Medium Frequency
• HF
3-30 MHz High Frequency
• VHF
30-300 MHz Very High Frequency
• UHF
300 MHz-3 GHz Ultra High Frequency
• SHF
3-30 GHz Super High Frequency
• EHF
30-300 GHz Extremely High Frequency
BAND FREKUENSI RADIO (IEEE) (ALTERNATIF)
• P Band 0.23 - 1 GHz
• L-Band 1 - 2 GHz
• S-Band 2 - 4 GHz
• C-Band 4-8 GHz
• X-Band 8-12.5 GHz
• Ku-Band 12.5-18 GHz
• K Band 18-26.5 GHz
• Ka Band 26.5-40 GHz
• U Band 40-60 GHz
Sistem Komunikasi Radio yang sederhana
Atmosfir dari Bumi
Troposphere :

The lower part of the Earth’s atmosphere extending

Upwards from the Earth’s surface, in which temperature
decreases with height except in local layers of
temperature inversion.

This part of the atmosphere extends to an altitude of

about 9 km at the Earth’s poles and 17 km at the
equator.

Stratosphere : 20 – 50 km
Ionosphere :

That part of the upper atmosphere characterized by the

presence of ions and free electrons mainly arising from
photo-ionization, the electron density being sufficient to
produce significant modification of the propagation of radio
waves in certain frequency bands.

Note :
The Earth’s ionosphere extends approximately from a height
of 50 km to a height of 2 000 km.
 MEKANISME
PERAMBATAN
Ground wave :
A radio wave basically determined by the properties of the
ground which propagates in the troposphere and which is mainly
due to diffraction around the Earth.

A ground wave is composed of two separate component waves-

the surface wave and the space wave.

The surface wave travels along the surface of the ground.

A surface wave flows the curvature of the Earth due to the
process of diffraction.

The space wave follows two distinct paths from transmitting

antenna to receiving antenna--one through the air directly to the
receiving antenna (direct wave or path), and the other reflected
from the ground to the receiving antenna (ground-reflected wave
or path).
Propagasi Gelombang Tanah
(Ground Wave/Surface wave)
 Propagasi Gelombang Tanah
(Ground Wave / Surface Wave)

 Mengikuti contour bumi

 Dapat merambat pada jarak tertentu
 Frekuensi sampai 2 MHz
 Contoh :
 Gelombang Radio AM, Komunikasi untuk

navigasi,
Space wave propagation
line-of-sight propagation :
Propagation between two points for which the direct ray is
sufficiently clear of obstacles for diffraction to be of negligible
effect.

free-space propagation :
Propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a homogeneous
ideal dielectric medium which may be considered of infinite
extent in all directions.
Note :
For propagation in free space, the magnitude of each vector of the
electromagnetic field in any given direction from the source beyond a
suitable distance determined by the size of the source and the wavelength
is proportional to the reciprocal of the distance from the source.
Impedance of free space :

The impedance of free space, Z0, is a physical constant relating

the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields of
electromagnetic radiation travelling through free space.

That is, Z0 = |E|/|H|, where |E| is the electric field strength and
|H| magnetic field strength.

The impedance of free space equals the product of the vacuum

permeability Ɛ0 or magnetic constant μ0 and the speed of light
in a vacuum c; its value is approximately 376.73031 ohms
There are numerous other synonyms, including:

intrinsic impedance of vacuum,

intrinsic impedance of free space,
the vacuum impedance,
Fresnel zones :

If unobstructed, radio waves will travel in a straight line from

the transmitter to the receiver.

But if there are obstacles near the path, the radio waves
reflecting off those objects may arrive out of phase with the
signals that travel directly and reduce the power of the received
signal.

On the other hand, the reflection can enhance the power of

the received signal if the reflection and the direct signals arrive
in phase.

Sometimes this results in the counterintuitive finding that

reducing the height of an antenna increases the signal-to-noise
ratio.
Fn = The nth Fresnel Zone radius in metres
d1 = The distance of P from one end in metres
d2 = The distance of P from the other end in metres
Λ = The wavelength of the transmitted signal in metres
Propagasi Line-of-Sight
(diatas 30 MHz)
 PROPAGASI LINE-OF-SIGHT

• Sinyal pada VHF dan range yang lebih tinggi tidak selamanya
dapat dikembalikan ke bumi oleh ionosphere
• Kebanyakan komunikasi terrestrial menggunakan frekuensi-
frekuensi yang diradiasikan langsung dari pemancar ke
penerima
• Tipe propagasi ini disebut propagasi gelombang ruang
(space-wave), garis pandang (line-of-sight), atau propagasi
troposfer
 Persamaan Line-of-Sight
 LOS, secara optik (Penerima harus bisa
melihat pemancar) :
d  3.57 h
 LOS efektif, atau radio (Penerima bisa
“melihat” sinyal yang dikirim) :

d  3.57 h
 d = jarak antara antenna dan horizon (km)
 h = Tinggi antenna (m)
 K = faktor kelengkungan bumi, karena sifat
refraksi, misal : K = 4/3
 Rugi Free Space
 Rugi Ruang bebas, antena isotropik
ideal
Pt

4d 
2

4fd 
2

Pr 2
c2

 Pt = daya sinyal antena pemancar

 Pr = daya sinyal antena penerima

  = panjang gelombang carrier

 d = jarak propagasi antar antena

 c = Kecepatan cahaya (3 10
-8 m/s)

Dimana d dan  sama satuannya (misal: meter)

 Propagasi Line-of-Sight
 Pemancar dan Penerima harus dalam garis pandang
(line of sight)
 Komunikasi satelite – sinyal diatas 30 MHz tidak

dipantulkan oleh ionosfer

 Komunikasi di Bumi (Terrestrial) – antena harus berada

dalam garis effective karena adanya refraksi

 Refraksi – pembelokan gelombang mikro oleh
atmosfer
 Kecepatan gelombang elektromagnetik merupakan

fungsi kerapatan medium

 Bila gelombang berubah medium, kecepatan akan

berubah.
 Gelombang akan dibelokkan pada bidang batas antar

medium
 Propagasi Gelombang Angkasa
(Sky Wave)

• Komunikasi jarak-jauh pada band frekuensi tinggi,

dimungkinkan karena adanya refraksi didaerah
atmosfer yang disebut ionosfer
• Ionosfer dibagi menjadi tiga daerah yang disebut
lapisan D, E, dan F
• Ionisasi berbeda untuk ketinggian diatas bumi yang
berbeda dan dipengaruhi oleh waktu (siang-
malam) dan aktivitas matahari.
Ionospheric wave :
A radio wave returned to the Earth by ionospheric reflection.
 Propagasi Gelombang Angkasa
(Sky Wave, 2 – 30 MHz)

 Sinyal dipantulkan dari lapisan ionofer kembali ke

bumi
 Sinyal dapat menjalar dalam beberapa lintasan,
bolak-balik antara ionosfer dan permukaan bumi
 Efek pantulan disebabkan oleh refraksi
 Contoh :
 Radio Amatir

 Radio CB
Ringkasan Mode Propagasi
Semoga Bermanfaat