ORIGIN- DESTINATION STUDIES

(O-D or Travel Demand or Trip Demand)

ORIGIN AND DESTINATION STUDIES

• Patterns of movement of persons and goods observed

for a typical day
• Origins and destinations of trips, times of day in which
trips are made & mode of travel
• Comprehensive study- trip purposes, land use at the
beginning or end of the trip, and background social and
economic data on the one making trip.
• Division of zones and fixing cordon lines
 Example of Travel Estimation Tijmrsp Tijmrs
Process (Income)
Edud. 2
Work 6 High 3
Pi Medium
Other 1 5
Production
9 Low 9
1 47 17
2 66 Tij
3 110 Tijmr
F
r
To Zones Tijm
o 1 2 3 Mode I Route A 5
m 25
1 10 18 19 47 Mode II 15 Route B 17
Aj Z
o 2 30 32 4 66 40 Route C 3
Attraction
n
e
3 5 40 65 110 Tijmrp
s 45 90 88 223 Trip Purpose
1 45
2 90 Education 3
3 88 Work 12
Other 2
17
 ORIGIN-DESTINATION STUDIES
• The trips made by users in any area is represented in
the form of a matrix called as the Origin-Destination (OD)
matrix
• The study area is divided into various zones (internal
and external)
• The trips produced/attracted to/from a zone is assumed
to originate from the centroid of the zone
• These trips are represented as a matrix with the
horizontal axis representing the destination zones and
the vertical axis representing the origin zones
 Types of Movements
I. Internal to Internal
II. External to External
III. Internal to External
IV. External to Internal
 DESTINATION ZONES
Origin-Destination
INETRNAL ZONES EXTERNAL ZONES
Matrix
1 2 3 76 77 78

1
INTERNAL

2
ZONES

3
ORIGIN ZONES

EXTERNAL
ZONES

76
77
78
 OD Surveys
• Various surveys used
– Home interview survey
• Full interview technique
• Home-questionnaire technique
– Road-side interview survey
– Post-card questionnaire survey
– Registration number plate survey
– Tags on vehicle
The surveyors collect the data
• At home
• During the trip
• At the destination of the trip

The information to be collected from the home interview

survey can broadly be classified under two groups:

Household information
Journey or Trip data
The Household information contains data
with regard to
• Address of household
• Size of household
• Age of all the members of the household
• Sex
• Structure of Household
• Earning members
• Occupation
• Place of work
• Number of motor vehicles owned
• Household income and so on
The journey data contains information on all journeys
made during the previous 24 hours period (or
previous day) with regard to
• Origin and destination of journeys
• Purpose of trip
• Mode(s) of travel
• Time at start of trip
• Time at finish of trip, etc
 Applications of O-D Data
 Travel demand on existing or future transportation
facilities
 The adequacy of existing parking and other terminal
facilities
 The adequacy of existing mass transportation facilities
 The most desirable location of new bridges and terminal
facilities
 The feasibility of bye-pass routes
 Through-traffic and truck routes
 Estimates of the probable use of proposed new or
improved routes, transit lines, and terminals
 Applications of O-D Data
 The information needed for planning, locating and
designing new or improved street systems, expressway
systems, and freeway systems.
 The information needed for planning, locating, and
designing new or improved mass transportation
systems
 Travel characteristics from various types of land use.
 The means for estimating future travel patterns and
requirements for transportation facilities.
 Construction priorities and economical solutions for
improvement programmes.
PARKING STUDIES
 PARKING STUDIES
• A study of the parking characteristics and demand and
regulatory measures are necessary for controlling the
traffic in a city.
• Ill effects of improper parking
– Congestion
– Accidents
– Obstructions to fire-fighting operations
– Environment
• Prohibited parking
– Near intersections
– Narrow streets
– Pedestrian crossings
– Structures
– Entrance driveways
 Types of Parking
• On street parking • Off street parking
– Parallel parking – Surface parking
– 30° angle parking – Multi-storey car
– 45° angle parking parking
– 60° angle parking – Roof parking
– Right angle parking – Mechanical parking
– Underground car
parking
 Parking Studies
• The supply and type of parking facilities
• How and for what purpose parking facilities are used?
• The demand for parking space
• The characteristics of parking demand
• The location of parking generators
• The legal, financial, and administrative factors associated
with the parking situation
 Terminologies in Parking Studies
• Parking Volume: The number of vehicles parking in a
particular area over a given period of time. It is usually
measured in vehicles per day.
• Parking load: The area under the parking accumulation
curve during a specified period. For example the hatched
area in Figure represents the parking load in vehicle-hour
for a period of 3 hours for 6 A.M to 9 A.M.
• Parking duration: The length of time spent by a vehicle in
a parking space
• Parking Accumulation: The total number of vehicles
parked in an area at a specified moment.
 Terminologies in Parking Studies
• Parking Accumulation: The total number of vehicles parked
in an area at a specified moment.

Number of
Vehicles
Parked Average Accumulation

12 6 9 12 6
12
Time of Day
 Terminologies in Parking Studies
• Parking Index: Percentage of parking bays actually
occupied by parked vehicles as compared to the
theoretical number available.
• Parking turn-over: Rate of the usage of the available
parking space. Thus if there were 100 parking spaces
used by 1000 vehicles in a period of say 12 hours, then
the parking turn-over would be:
• Parking turn-over = 1000/100 Vehicles per space in a
period of 12 hours = 10 Vehicles per space in a period of
12 hours
 Types of Parking Surveys
• Parking space inventory
• Parking usage survey by patrol
• Questionnaire type parking usage survey
• Cordon count.
 Parking Space Inventory Survey
• The purpose of parking usage survey is to obtain data
on the extent of usage of parking spaces.
• The survey will include counts of parked vehicles at
regular intervals through a period, covering both the
morning and evening peak period, and the parking
accumulation and turn over.
• The survey can be for on-street and off-street parking.
 Parking Space Inventory

20 12

Parking Prohibited Fully or Partly

Metered Parking

Pedestrian Crossing

12 Parking Capacity
Parking in Marked bays Parallel Parking

Parking without Marked bays

 Questionnaire Type Parking Usage Survey

• The questionnaire type parking usage survey involves

interviews with the drivers who use the parking
facilities.
• It is possible to collect information on the extent to
which the existing facilities are being used, the parking
requirements and the prices etc.
• The survey can either be made by making enquiries
among the car owners living in the vicinity of the
survey area or by making enquiries among the drivers
of cars seen to park in the area at the time of the
survey.
 Cordon Count Survey
• In this method, the area to be surveyed is demarcated
by a cordon line which is crossed by the roads
emanating from the area.
• Counting stations are established at these crossing
points and a count is made of all the vehicles entering
and leaving the area.
• The difference between the two traffic gives the
number of vehicles parked or in motion in the area.
• The counting can be manual or automatic
Accident Studies
 Accident Studies
• Engineering Uses
• Enforcement Uses
• Administrative and Policy uses
• Educational uses
• Uses for Motor vehicle administrators
 Engineering Uses
• In determining the adequacy, size and shape and legibility
of traffic signs.
• In determining the justification for traffic control devices,
such as traffic signals
• In determining and planning pedestrian safety features
such as underpasses, overbridges, pedestrian barriers,
refuge islands, pedestrian signals and street lighting.
• In determining speed zoning and speed control
• In planning traffic regulation measures such as prohibition
of on-street parking, one-way streets and prohibited
turnings.
• In designing safe and efficient street lighting
 Engineering Uses
• In designing or redesigning intersection
• In designing and providing channelizing islands, central
verges and refuge islands.
• In planning safety measures for traffic during construction
• In identifying specific deficiencies in the maintenance
procedures and specifications
• In improving the horizontal and vertical alignment
• In providing adequate sight distances
• In determining suitable width for pavement, shoulders and
bridges
• In planning safety measures and guard rails
 Enforcement Uses
• In planning deployment of personnel for various duties such
as manual control and street patrolling depending upon
accident frequency at different locations and during different
hours of the day.
• In directing enforcement effort.
• In controlling pedestrian behaviour
• In the safe and efficient operation of traffic control devices
• In enforcing curb parking regulations
• In planning and enforcing vehicle inspection measures
• In planning and enforcing cycle inspection measures.
• In aiding prosecution of offenders in courts.
 Administrative and Policy Uses

• In initiating and administering Traffic Safety Programmes.

• In evaluating the success of Traffic Safety Programmes.

• In determining accident costs.

• In identifying the need to amend the legislative measures

in force and to take appropriate action to amend them.
 Educational Uses

• In planning and organizing school safety educational

programmes.
• In planning and organizing deriver safety educational
programmes.
Uses for Motor vehicle Administrator

• In reviewing the procedure for licensing drivers

• In reviewing the procedures for registration and licensing
of vehicles
• In reviewing the vehicle inspection requirements.