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Water) Properties
Why study fluid behavior?
• Consider a sealed 2- Seal
H.
H . ..C. .
H ..
H
. ..
..
..
H C H
H . H
Hydrocarbon Families
Alkanes
Alkanes
• Paraffins, Saturated Hydrocarbons
• Unreactive
• Boiling points increase monotonically with
number of carbon atoms
• Waxes at high molecular weights (e.g.,
candle wax).
Physical Properties - Alkanes
Alkenes
• Olefins, unsaturated hydrocarbons
• Contain double bonded carbon atoms
• More reactive than Alkanes
• Boiling points and specific gravity increase
with number of carbon atoms
Alkynes
• Contain triple bonded carbon atoms
• More reactive than Alkanes
• Properties similar to Alkanes and Alkenes.
Aromatics
the pressure.
A Few Basic Definitions
• The number of moles (n) is the ratio of mass
of a substance (m) divided by its molecular
weight (M):
m
n
M
– 1 lbm-mole equals to the molecular weight of a
specie. For example:
• 1 lbm-mole C1H4 is 16.043 lb, which is the
molecular weight of C1H4.
Definitions
• Mole fraction (or percent) is the ratio of the
mole of a specie i in a mixture consisting of N
species to the total number of moles:
nj N
yj N yj 1
in j 1
j 1
j Specie nj , lb-mole yj yj
V cuft
V
m lbm
Critical
Pressure, psia
700 Point
600 Liquid
Gas (Vapor)
500
Sublimation line
400
40 60 80 100 120
Temperature, F
Ethane
Definitions
• Vapor-pressure line: separates P-T conditions
where the substance is a gas from conditions
where it is a liquid.
• Melting-point line: separates P-T conditions
where the substance is a solid from conditions
where it is a liquid.
• Sublimation line: separates P-T conditions
where the substance is a solid from conditions
where it is a gas.
Definitions
• Critical Point: Temperature and pressure
at which liquid and gas become
indistinguishable; above the critical
temperature, a pure gas cannot be
liquefied, regardless of the pressure.
• Triple point: the pressure and
temperature at which solid, liquid and gas
coexist at equilibrium.
Pure Substance Phase Diagram
Vaporization at constant T (volume increases)
Pure Substance Phase Diagram
Vaporization at constant P (volume increases)
Two-Component Mixtures
• Not practical, but provide a good basis for
understanding multi-component mixtures.
• Unlike pure components, there is a broad
range of pressures and temperatures
where two phases coexist.
• Unlike pure components, there are
additional variables related to composition:
– composition of overall mixture
– composition of the equilibrium liquid
– composition of the equilibrium gas
Two-component Phase
Diagram
Constant composition
Saturation of phase
Envelope.
Definitions
• Bubble Point Curve – (P,T) where the first
bubble of vapor forms.
vapor
line for
pure comp.
vapor B
line for
pure comp.
A Critical temp. of
mixture is in between
the two pure
components.
Critical pressure of
mix. is above.
Critical Locus
Composition effect.
Definitions
• Cricondentherm – the
highest temperature at
which two phases can
coexist. (The temperature
above which the gaseous
mixture cannot be
liquefied.)
• Cricondenbar – the
highest pressure at which
two phases can coexist.
Retrograde Condensation
• If mixture temperature is Gas
between the critical
temperature and the
cricondentherm, and
pressure is higher than the
dew point pressure, the
mixture is a retrograde
condensate gas.
– As pressure is reduced, first
liquid condenses. Then, the
opposite occurs; i.e., as
pressure is further reduced,
liquid revaporizes.
Pressure-Volume Diagram
2-component mixture
Isotherm of 350o
unlike pure component,
isotherm is not straight line
due to changes
in the compositions of
the liquid and gas phases)
P
L Pure comp.
L+G Dp
Bp G
Specific volume
Pressure-Composition
2-component Mixture
Point 2: Composition of equilibrium liquid at bubble point
Point 3: Composition of equilibrium gas at dew point
ng L
Constant T 12
nt at point1 L23
nl L
13
nt at point1 L23
Pressure-Composition
• Composition-pressure combinations
– above the envelope - liquid
– below the envelope - gas
– Within the envelope - 2-phase
• A 2-phase condition will cause the
mixture to split into a gas and a liquid
phase with different compositions.
Pressure-Composition
• Tie lines connect the original composition
with those of the liquid and gas. For 2-
component systems, tie lines are
horizontal.
• The ratio of the length of the line segment
from the original composition to the liquid
composition to the total tie line length is
the mole fraction of gas. (i.e., L12/L23 in
previous slide)
3-Component Mixtures
• Phase behavior usually plotted using
ternary diagrams.
– Equilateral triangles
– 100% of lightest component at the top vertex
– 100% of heaviest component at the lower left
vertex
• Composition is usually plotted in terms of
mole fraction or mole percent
• For single plot, constant P,T, only
composition changes
Ternary Diagram
70%C, 30%A
100%B
3-Component Phase Diagram
3-Component Phase Diagram
• Dew point line along the top of the phase
envelope
• Bubble point line along the bottom
• Equilibrium tie lines are straight but not
horizontal
• The ratio of the length of the line segment from
the original composition to the liquid composition
to the total tie line length is the mole fraction of
gas.
Ternary phase diagrams
of C1-C3-C5 at 160 oF
The Five Reservoir Fluids
The Reservoir Fluids
Multicomponent Mixtures
141.5
API 131.5
go
Volatile Oil
• Contain less heavy
components and more
intermediates
• Critical temperature lower
than Black Oil
• Reservoir Temperature close
to critical
• Iso-vols not evenly spaced
– Close together near
bubble point Identification
• Initial Producing GOR between 2000
and 3300 scf/STB
• High Shrinkage Crude
• GOR increases as reservoir
• Gas associated with oil very pressure falls below bubble point
rich • Stock Tank Gravity 40o API
– High liquid recovery – Increases during production
• Large percentage of Stock • Color – brown, orange or green
Tank Liquid enters the well in • Mole fraction of C7+ between 12.5
the gas stream and 20%
Retrograde Gas
• Critical point far down left side
of phase envelope
• Contain less heavy
hydrocarbons than oils
• Reservoir temperature
between critical temperature
and cricondentherm
• Gas at initial condition
– Liquid condenses but does
not flow during production
Identification
• Producing GOR 3300 scf/STB: Up to about 150000 scf/STB,
– GOR > 50000 scf/STB can be treated as wet gas
• GOR increases below dew point
• Stock Tank Liquid gravity between 40-60 oAPI. Increases below dew
point
• Light colored – brown, orange, greenish or clear.
• Mole fraction of C7+ < 12.5%
Comments
• Also called
– Retrograde gas-condensate
– Retrograde Condensate Gas
– Gas Condensate
• Liquid called “condensate”
Wet Gas
• Reservoir temperature
greater than
cricondentherm
– Liquid never
condenses in
reservoir
– Condensation in
wellbore
• Surface liquid called
“condensate”
• “Wet” refers to
hydrocarbon liquid, not
water
Identification
• Liquids with same range of properties as condensate gas
reservoirs
• GOR remains constant
– > 50000 scf/STB
• Liquid API gravity remains constant
Dry Gas
Stock
Crude Oil
Surface Tank
Water
Well
Oil, or
Oil+Gas, or RESERVOIR
Oil+Gas+Water
Flow Path from Reservoir to Stock
Tank for Gas Reservoir
Gas
Condensate ?
Surface Water
Well
Gas, or RESERVOIR
Gas+Water
* Condensate:A liquid resulting from condensation of a vapor phase. It is the liquid (crude oil)
obtained from hydrocarbon systems existing in the vapor phase in the reservoir.
Summary of Reservoir Fluid Types