Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
• DIFERENSIASI / FRAKSINASI
Pertama terbentuk sebagai feromagnesian
mineral yang mengendap pada dasar dapur
magma, menarik unsur besi dan magnesium;
memperkaya sisa magma dengan unsur lainnya.
ALIRAN LAVA
ENDAPAN LAVA
SHIELD VOLCANO
DACITIC DOME
COMPOSITE (STRATO) VOLCANO
• SELANG-SELING ENDAPAN
PIROKLASTIKA DAN LAVA
STRATO VOLCANO
OBSIDIAN
Pāhoehoe :
has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface
flow typically advances as a series of small lobes and toes, also
forms lava tubes
with increasing distance from the source, pāhoehoe flows may
change into Aā flows in response to heat loss and consequent
increase in viscosity
have a temperature of 1100ºC to > 1200ºC
Pillow lava :
formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or a
lava flow enters the ocean
Lahar :
the term originated in Indonesia
mudflow composed of pyroclastic materials and water
flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley
causes: snow & glaciers, flood, lake breakout, heavy rain
Aā lava :
characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava
blocks
loose, broken, and sharp, spiny surface
have a temperature of 1000ºC to > 1100ºC
Pāhoehoe :
has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy
surface
have a temperature of 1100ºC to > 1200ºC
Pāhoehoe :
has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy
surface
have a temperature of 1100ºC to > 1200ºC
Pillow lava :
formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or a
lava flow enters the ocean
ENDAPAN PIROKLASTIKA
PIROKLASTIK dan TEFRA
PIROKLAST : fragmen batuan yang terlontarkan (ejected)
saat erupsi gunungapi
PIROKLASTIK : batuan yang terbentuk dari piroklast-
piroklast
TEFRA : endapan piroklas (semua piroklast yang jatuh ke
permukaan)
Ukuran tefra :
• bomb : d > 256 mm
• lapili : d = 2 - 64 mm
• abu : d < 2
SCORIA :
dark brownish black or red vesicular ejecta of basaltic and andesitic
magmas (mafic version of pumice)
forming from dissolved gases rich magma rich
composed of volcanic glass fragments and few mineral crystals
its specific gravity ranges from 0.8 to 2.1
PUMICE :
vesicular ejecta of intermediate to siliceous magmas (including rhyolite,
trachyte and phonolite)
usually light in colour ranging from white, yellowish, gray, gray brown, and a
dull red, average porosity of 90%
OBSIDIAN :
produced when a felsic lava cools rapidly and freezes without sufficient
time for crystal growth, composed of glass
because of the lack of crystal structure, obsidian blade edges can reach
almost molecular thinness (use as arrowheads and surgical scalpel blades)
BREKSI VOLKANIK BOM VOLKANIK
(VOLCANIC BRECCIA) (VOLCANIC BOMB)
BATUAN PIROKLASTIKA
SKORIA (SCORIA) BATUAPUNG (PUMICE)
Komposisi BASA Komposisi ASAM
BATUAN PIROKLASTIKA
OBSIDIAN :
produced when a felsic lava cools rapidly and freezes without
sufficient time for crystal growth, composed of glass
because of the lack of crystal structure, obsidian blade edges can
reach almost molecular thinness (use as arrowheads and surgical
scalpel blades)
TUFA
BATUAN PIROKLASTIKA
LETUSAN ST. HELENS (1980)
MOUNT ST. HELENS (1982)
PEMBENTUKAN KALDERA
PEMBENTUKAN KALDERA
GUNUNG RINJANI & SEGARA ANAKAN, LOMBOK
DASIT porfiritik BASALT vesikuler
GRANIT fanerik/ekigranular
BASALT : Afanitik / halus
DASIT
Fraksi kasar mengambang
dalam massa dasar halus
GRANIT
GABRO
Fanerik / Kasar
ekigranular
GUNUNG MERAPI
(Jawa Tengah)
PUNCAK MERAPI (21 APRIL 2006)
SUMBAT LAVA
(LAVA PLUG)
PUNCAK MERAPI (10 MEI 2006)
PUNCAK MERAPI (13 MEI 2006)
PUNCAK MERAPI (15 MEI 2006)
PHREATIC
EXPLOSION
WEDHUS-GEMBEL
(pyroclastic
WEDUS clouds)
GEMBEL
pyroclastic clouds
(pyroclastic clouds)
Rekaman korban pyroclastic-flow (Pompeii 79 AD)
LAVA
= MAGMA YANG KELUAR
KE PERMUKAAN BUMI
DEBU VOLKANIK YANG BERPOTENSI MENJADI LAHAR
BILA TERBAWA OLEH AIR HUJAN
DEBU VOLKANIK YANG BERPOTENSI MENJADI LAHAR
BILA TERBAWA OLEH AIR HUJAN
DEBU VOLKANIK YANG BERPOTENSI MENJADI LAHAR
BILA TERBAWA OLEH AIR HUJAN
DEBU VOLKANIK YANG BERPOTENSI MENJADI LAHAR
BILA TERBAWA OLEH AIR HUJAN
DEBU VOLKANIK YANG BERPOTENSI MENJADI LAHAR
BILA TERBAWA OLEH AIR HUJAN
DEBU VOLKANIK YANG BERPOTENSI MENJADI LAHAR
BILA TERBAWA OLEH AIR HUJAN
LAHAR = LARUTAN PEKAT
BERUPA PIROKLASTIKA / DEBU VOLKANIK
YANG TERBAWA OLEH AIR
BENDUNG
RUMAH TERTIMBUN
TERTIMBUN
LAVA =//= LAHAR
Steaming ground di Cibuni, Rancabali-Bandung
Spouting spring dan geyser di Cisolok, Cisukarame
TERIMA KASIH