Computer Architecture

& Organization

Sir Ahmad Firdaus Bin Zainal Abidin

Faculty of Computer System and Software Engineering

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Computer System
A computer system consists of two major component:
Hardware and software.
The computer system’s I/O is the computer interface to the outside
world. Example of I/O are keyboard, monitor, disk drives and floppy
drives.

The operating system (OS) is an integrated set of systems programs

that manages the resources (including processor(s), main memory,
and I/O devices.), controls the overall operations of a computer, an
functions as an interface between the computer and the users

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 LEVEL OF MACHINES
There are a number of levels in a computer (the exact number is open to
debate), from the user level down to the transistor level.
Progressing from the top level downward, the levels become less abstract
as more of the internal structure of the computer becomes visible

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How computer works:

 https://youtu.be/4eNTlwnnhss

 https://youtu.be/Rdm8E59L8Og

 https://youtu.be/AkFi90lZmXA

 Why we need to learn code?

 https://youtu.be/nKIu9yen5nc

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Computer Language
o A computer user interacts with a computer in a language that the
user understands, but software must convert that instruction into a
form that hardware can “understand”.
o Hardware stores data and communicates with software by only one
fundamental method-binary-and in effect, speaks a language that
only has two words, “off” and “on”.
o Every communication that software has with hardware is reduced
to series of these two words.
o In this binary system, only two digits or bit are used, 0 and 1.

OFF ON
“0” “1”
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 Computer Language
User types
“SYARIF”
0110110011…..

Keyboard converts
characters to a binary 01101100……
code; bits are All processing and
storage are done in
transmitted to memory binary form(at CPU)
and to CPU for
processing
Transmission to printer is Printer converts
in binary form binary code to
characters
before printing

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 Computer Language
A computer’s world is a binary world and communication of
instruction and data by the devices that process them is always
in binary (bit 0 or bit 1)
Bit alone is not enough to represent character in the computer system.
Bytes
• A collection of 8 bits
• used represent a character such as a letter, number, or typographic symbol (“Q”,”4”,”&”)
• ASCII Encoding
1 bit
Word EXAMPLE: 0
• 2 bytes form a word.
• to represent the bigger number or characters. 1 bytes = 8 bits
• Unicode encoding
EXAMPLE: 00001111
1 word = 2 bytes = 16 bits
EXAMPLE: 11110000 00001111

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Data in various formats
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F

Number Systems ASCIII

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 Computer Architecture
Computer architecture is the concept design and fundamental
operational structure of a computer system. It is the practical art of
selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create
computers that meet functional, performance, and cost goals.
Architectural Attribute
Attribute of a system visible to Instruction set,
the programmer number of bits used to
Have a direct impact on the represent various data
logical execution of a program types,
I/O mechanisms,
techniques for addressing
memory

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Computer Architecture

Example

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Example

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Computer Organization
The operational units and their
Organizational Attribute
interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications
Describes the data paths, data
processing elements and data
storage elements
Organization is how architecture
is implemented.
Hardware details transparent to
the programmer,
control signals,
interfaces between the
computer and peripherals,
memory technology used

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Example of Computer Organization

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 SATA port

Network port

Audio port

ASUS Launches X99-M WS for Haswell-E Workstations

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Example of Computer Organization

Example of

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CPU

GPU

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 • Almost every program that can run on an original Pentium
(or 8086) can run on a Pentium 4
• All computers in the Intel Pentium series have the same
architecture.
• Each Version of the Pentium has a different organization or
implementation.

8086 Pentium 4

The architecture does not change with different model but

its organization changes with changing technology
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 Why Study Computer
Organization & Architecture ?

 Understand the computer system’s functional

components and their characteristic in order to
achieve high performance system.
 Understand the computer architecture to structure a
program so that it runs more efficiently.
 Able to select the most cost effective computer for the
use of the organization.

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 Structure of components
The way in which the components
are interrelated
Is the way how each components of
computer communicates to each other
Structure Example in the CPU (processor) situation, it is the connection
between Instruction register and Instruction decoder/connection
between Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and control unit.
Computer

Collective function of its cooperating components

Function The operation of each individual component as part of structure

Refers to the operation of each component which include in a structure

Example in the CPU (processor) situation, it is how the Arithmetic Logic

Unit (ALU), Instruction register and Instruction decoder work
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) /
processor: Control the operation
of the computer and performs its
data processing functions
(referred to as processor)

• Main Memory : stores data

• System interconnection:
mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU,
main memory and I/O.

• I/O: moves data between the

computer and its external
environment
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• Registers: Provides storage internal to
the CPU

• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):

Performs the computer’s data
processing functions

• CPU interconnection : Some

mechanism that provides for
communication among the control
unit, ALU, and registers

• Control Unit : Controls the

operations of the CPU and hence the
computer
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A computer can perform four basic
functions:

Data processing
Data Storage
Data movement
Control Mechanism
December 28, 1903 – February 8,
1957

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An example of computer architecture and
organization. Used by modern computer as a
reference.

Von Neumann machines is a computer’s category

based on von Neumann architecture (stored-program
concept).
o Data and program can be stored in the same space
(memory).
o Thus, the machines it self can alter either its programs or
its internal data.
Architecture

Memory

I/O
Program Equipment
Arithmetic
Control
logic unit
Unit

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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Von Neumann machine must have:
A main memory, which stores both data and instructions.
An arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) capable of operating on
binary data.
A control unit, which interprets the instructions in memory and
causes them to be executed.
Input and output (I/O) equipment operated by the control unit.