WATER TREATMENT AND

DISTRIBUTION
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 The water treatment process, raw (untreated) water is dosed with chemicals
under mixing for coagulation and flocculation and then passes to the clarifiers
where settlement of impurities in water will take place. Clarified water then flows
into filters of sand and anthracite for removal of the more finely divided particles.

 The filtered water passes into contact tanks where chlorine and hydrated lime are
added respectively to disinfect and control the pH of the treated water. Fluoride is
also added for dental protection. A small amount of residual chlorine is maintained
in the water to prevent bacterial growth on the rest of its journey. The treated water
is pumped into a system of watermains, stored in service reservoirs and then
supplied to the public.
WATER TREATMENT AND
DISTRIBUTION
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WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
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 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
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A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered
hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply. A water
supply system typically includes:
 A drainage basin (see water purification - sources of drinking water).
 A raw water collection point (above or below ground) where the water
accumulates, such as a lake, a river, or groundwater from an underground
aquifer. Raw water may be transferred using uncovered ground-level
aqueducts, covered tunnels or underground water pipes to water
purification facilities.
 Water purification facilities. Treated water is transferred using water
pipes (usually underground).
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
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 Water storage facilities such as reservoirs, water tanks, or water towers.
Smaller water systems may store the water in cisterns or pressure vessels.
Tall buildings may also need to store water locally in pressure vessels in
order for the water to reach the upper floors.
 Additional water pressurizing components such as pumping stations may
need to be situated at the outlet of underground or above ground
reservoirs or cisterns (if gravity flow is impractical).
 A pipe network for distribution of water to the consumers (which may be
private houses or industrial, commercial or institution establishments) and
other usage points (such as fire hydrants).
 Connections to the sewers (underground pipes, or aboveground ditches in
some developing countries) are generally found downstream of the water
consumers, but the sewer system is considered to be a separate system,
rather than part of the water supply system.
 WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS
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Government of Odisha is planning execution of rural piped water supply
project in Odisha
 Water Supply & Sewerage
 Status: Planning Stage
 Promoter: Government of Odisha, Rural Water Supply & Sanitation
Department
 Project: Planning execution of rural piped water supply project
 Location: Dist. Angul, Odisha
 Project Details: E-tenders were invited in March 2016 in 2 stages (a)
Request For Qualification (RFQ) stage & (b) Request For Proposal (RFP)
stage for execution of Rural Pipes Water Supply Project pertaining to
Angul district including 5 years O & M on EPC contract. Indicative project
cost is Rs. 1.6061 billion. Period of completion is 24 months & O & M
period is 60 months.
 WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS
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Kerala Water Authority is modernizing its water treatment plant in Kerala.
 Water Treatment
 Status: Under Implementation
 Promoter: Kerala Water Authority
 Project: Modernizing the 72 MLD water treatment plant
 Location: Aruvikkara, dist. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
 Project Details: Machinery has been procured locally. KWA had taken up
modernization of the plant with assistance from the Japan International
Cooperation Agency a year ago. The modernization work, estimated to cost
Rs. 360 million, includes replacement of filtering equipment, valves that
regulate the flow of water inside the plant and pump sets.
 Civil work is in progress. The project is scheduled for completion in
November 2015
 WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS
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Tata Projects is planning Reverse Osmosis water purification plants
across India.
 November 13, 2014
Water supply & sewerage
 Status: Planning Stage
 Promoter:Tata Projects, belonging to the Tata Group
 Project: Planning to set up Reverse Osmosis (RO) water purification plants
 Location: Across India.
 Project Details: Canara Bank has signed a memorandum of understanding
with the company for extending finance to set up the Reverse Osmosis
(RO) water purification plants at community water centres for providing
safe drinking water at affordable rates. The tie up will be beneficial for
both entities as the company will be able to utilise the large network of
branches of Canara Bank for financing entrepreneurs who are willing to
set up plants to provide safe drinking water, while the bank would be able
to stimulate the growth of MSME advances, especially under micro
enterprises segment. The project is being implemented in Andhra Pradesh,
 SEDEMENTATION
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 Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to
remove suspended solids from water.[1] Solid particles entrained by the
turbulence of moving water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in
the still water of lakes and oceans. Settling basins are ponds constructed
for the purpose of removing entrained solids by
sedimentation.[2] Clarifiers are tanks built with mechanical means for
continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation
 SAND FILTRATION
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 Rapid sand filtration is a purely physical drinking
water purification method. Rapid sand filters (RSF) provide rapid
and efficient removal of relatively large suspended particles. Two
types of RSF are typically used: rapid gravity and rapid pressure
sand filters. For the provision of safe drinking water, RSFs require
adequate pre-treatment (usually coagulation-flocculation) and post-
treatment (usually disinfection with chlorine). Both construction and
operation is cost-intensive. It is a relatively sophisticated process
usually requiring power-operated pumps, regular backwashing or
cleaning, and flow control of the filter outlet. Rapid sand
filtration is common in developed countries for the treatment of
large quantities of water where land is a strongly limiting factor,
and where material, skilled labour, and continuous energy supply
are available.
SAND FILTRATION
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 SAND FILTERS
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 Sand filters are used as a step in the water treatment
process of water purification.
 There are three main types; rapid (gravity) sand filters,
upward flow sand filters and slow sand filters. All three
methods are used extensively in the water industry
throughout the world. The first two require the use of
flocculant chemicals to work effectively while slow sand
filters can produce very high quality water free from
pathogens, taste and odour without the need for chemical
aids.[1] Sand filters can, apart from being used in water
treatment plants, be used for water purification in
singular households as they use materials which are
available for most people.
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