BY: DEEPAK KUMAR

ROLL NO: 27
CIVIL-A(7th SEM)
 signals
 Introduction: Railway signalling is a system used to control railway
traffic safely, keep train clear of each other all times and it is also
prevent train from colliding.
 Types of signals: There are three types of signals on the basis of
colour light signals.
1. Automatic block signals
2. Home signals
3. Shunting signals
 Automatic block signals: Automatic signals is a railroad
communication system that consist of a series of four LED lights
red, yellow,green and double yellow. Thish system controls the
movement of trains between the blocks using automatic signals
and it is depends on the trains.
•Function of automatic block signals LED lights:
1. Red
2. Yellow
3. Green
4. Double yellow
EXAMPLE:-
•Home signals:-
1. Home signals is a railway traffic signals and it is
situated beside a railway line (outer) to pass
information related to the state of the line ahead to
the train.
And in first home signals having three LED
lights red,green and yellow .And two direction
indicator which is white led lights.
 Funtion of first home light signals:-
1. Red :- Stop the train
2. Green :- Proceed the train
3. Yellow :-proceed with caution
4. Yellow and white :- Proceed with caution and
change the direction.
EXAMPLE:-
Semaphore signals:-
 Semaphore signal consist of a movable arm
pivoted at the top of a vertical post. These signals
are located on the left hand side of the direction of
movement and the movable arm project towards
the track.The movable arm side facing the driver is
painted red with a white vertical band.
There are also three led
lights:-
1. Red
2. Yellow
3. Green
EXAMPLE:-
Warner signals:-
 These signals is to warn the driver before entering a
railway station.The warner signal is placed on the same
post of semaphore signal 1.8 to 2.1 m below the
semaphore signal.
 When the arm of semaphore is lowerd and warner
arm is horizontal, it means proceed with caution and
when arms of semaphore and warner signal are
horizontal, it means stop, i.e line is not clear, and
when both arms are lowered, it means line clear
position.
EXAMPLE:-
DISC SIGNAL:-
 These signal are used during shunting operation.Disc
signal consists a circular disc painted with a red band
along its diameter. If the position of red band is
horizontal that means stop and if the position of red
band is inclind that indicates proceed.
Shunting signals:-
 These signal are also used during shunting operation
to indicate whether points are set for the main lines or
not. They consists of a three LED lights and all lights
are white.
RAILS:-
 Rail on the track are rolled steel sections laid on the
sleepers to act as steel girders to carry axel loads.Rail
provide a hard and smooth surface for movement of
trains. They are made of high corbon steel to prevent
wear and tear.
 Types of rail:-
1. Double Headed Rails: In double headed rails
sections foot and head are of same dimesion.
2. Bull Headed Rails: In bull headed rails the head
dimensions are more than of there foot.
3. Flat Footed Rails: The rail section having there foot
rooled to flat.
EXAMPLE:-
EX;-2
 GAUGE:-
 The clear minimum perpendicular distance between the
inner faces of the two rails.
 Types of gauge:-
1. Broad gauge:-When the clear distance between the inner
faces of two rails is 1.676 m.
2. Meter gauge:- when the clear distance between the inner
faces of two rails is 1.0 m.
3. Narrow gauge:-When the clear distance between the
inner faces of two rails is 0.762 m.
EXAMPLE:-(Broad Gauge)
EX:-(Narrow Gauge)
 SLEEPERS:-
Sleepers are the transverse members of the track placed below
the rails to support and fix them in position.
 Types of sleepers:-
1. Wooden sleepers
2. Steel sleepers
3. Cast iron sleepers
4. R.C.C sleepers
5. Prestressed concrete sleepers
WOODEN SLEEPERS
STEEL SLEEPERS
CAST IRON SLEEPERS
R.C.C SLEEPERS
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SLEEPERS
TRACK BALLAST
 Track ballast forms the trackbed upon which railroad
sleepers are laid.it is packed between, below,and around
the sleepers and it is use for bearing the load from the
railroad sleepers.
 Types of ballast:
1. Broken stone ballast
2. Gravel ballast
3. Cinde ballast
4. Sand ballast
5. Moorum ballast
6. Bricks ballast
BROCKEN STONE BALLAST
FISH PLATE
 Fish plate is a metal bar that is bolted to the ends of
two rails to join them togather in a track.
FISHPLATE,FISH BOLTS,CHAIR,CHAIR BOLTS,KEY, etc.
Interlocking
 Interlocking are a system which is used for change the
track of rail .And there are two types of interlocking.
1. Panel interlocking:-it is used for small platform.
2. Route relay interlocking:-it is used for big platform.