ATCO 5 NAVB 1 Nav Introduction

Subject 5: Navigation
Утверждено на заседании Учебно-методического совета от 28 июня 2018 года PPT 5.1.1

Topics and Assessment
NAVB 1 NAVB 2 NAVB 3 NAVB 4 NAVB 5 NAVB 6 NAVB 7

Introducti The Earth Maps and Navigational Instrument Performance Developments
on to Aeronautical Basics Navigation Based in Navigation
Navigation Charts Navigation
PT 2.1 PT 3.1 PT 4.1 PT 5.1 PT 6.1 MT 7.1
Pass score – 80%
ATCO Basic Training Course – Subject 5 Navigation (версия 2, УМС от 28.06.2018) PPT 5.1.2
Training Events (1)
NAVB 3: System of
NAVB 1: NAV NAVB 2: Place and
coordinates, direction
introduction movement of the Earth
and distance
NAVB 5: Map making NAVB 6: Maps and

NAVB 4: Magnetism
and projections charts used in aviation
NAVB 7: Influence of NAVB 9: Navigational

NAVB 8: Speed
wind aspects of flight planning
Training Events (2)
NAVB 10: Visual NAVB 11: Ground-based NAVB 12: On-board

navigation systems systems
NAVB 13: Satellite based NAVB 14: Instrument NAVB 15: Area
systems approach procedures navigation
NAVB 16: Future

developments
NAVB1: NAV Introduction
ATCO Basic Training Course – Subject 5 Navigation. NAVB 1: NAV introduction (версия 2, УМС от 28.06.2018) PPT 5.1.5
Objectives
1. Explain the need for navigation in aviation

2. Characterise navigation methods
3. Apply the units of measurement appropriate to navigation
Explain the need for navigation in aviation
Importance of positioning
 In the past, people needed special training and equipment to perform
precise navigation, but today almost anyone can be a navigator.
 Until recently, only people with access to the proper type of technology
and training could perform accurate global navigation.
 Navigating at sea required many complex steps, including special training

and special equipment, such as chronometers and sextants.
 In the 20th century, understanding how to navigate an aircraft required
several weeks of training.
 The challenges of global navigation have motivated investments from

governments to meet strategic goals.
 Nations with global ambitions require solutions for global navigation. In
the 18th century, European empires competed to extend trading systems
around the globe. This required improved navigation, so nations
provided incentives and prizes for solving a problem: how to determine
longitude at sea.
 Military needs have promoted new actions and innovations. World War II
required the development a new accurate and reliable navigation equipment
and new electronic navigation methods.
 During the Cold War, any countries developed global navigation systems using
orbiting satellites. These eventually evolved into the Global Positioning System
used by people worldwide.
 Other nations have continued to develop independent navigation systems.
Application in various fields of human activity
 Early inventors sometimes worked independently to advance the

measurement of time or position.
 At other times, teams of experts and engineers have worked together to
develop devices and systems that help people find their way.
 New innovations provide enhanced reliability and new capabilities.
 Navigation on a ship  Navigation on a plane
 Navigation system in a car  Navigation as mobile lifestyle
 Navigation for people with disabilities (outdoor, indoor)
 Border navigation
 Navigation for space challenge
Characterise navigation methods
Historical overview
 Navigation is finding one’s way at sea and in the air.

 Without roads, the navigator relies on coastal, celestial and electronic
marks.
 The word “navigate” comes from the Latin words for ship (navis) and “to
drive or guide” (agere)
Historical overview
 Navigation is both art and science and requires understanding of the earth
and heavens.
 Changes in navigation science and technology over the last five hundred
years have changed the navigator’s work and methods.
 The navigation basic task remains constant: to keep track of where the ship
has been and where it is now, and to plan where the ship will go next.
Historical overview
 Navigation is based on astronomy, physics, oceanography, meteorology,

earth sciences, aerodynamics, and hydrodynamics.
 In navigation, we need to make the right decisions with incomplete or overly
complex data.
Historical overview
 In 1700 mariners and mapmakers knew only about half the Earth’s surface
with any detail.
 To make ocean travel safer and faster, people had to develop better maps,
better navigation tools, techniques and better clocks.
Historical overview
 Determining position and maintaining direction under routine conditions

depended on knowledge of winds and currents.
 On the open sea, sailors relied on dead reckoning — estimating a new
position based on knowing a ship’s last position, speed and direction. But
over long distances, it was subject to ever-increasing errors.
Historical overview
 Early aviators on long flights, sometimes, faced great

danger because they could not figure out exactly where
they were.
 “Fixing” position over water, in the dark, or in poor
weather was difficult.
 The celestial navigation tools sailors used at sea didn’t
work as well in the air.
Why navigating in the air more difficult than

navigating at sea?
 Speed: Airplanes moved faster than ships.

 Instability: Tendencies to aircraft rolling and turbulence require accurate
observations and calculations.
 Weather: Haze, mist and clouds does not allow the use of traditional
methods.
 Cockpit Environment: limited space, equipment, concentration needs, etc.
Three basic types of navigation in aviation
1. Dead reckoning or deduced reckoning

2. Celestial Navigation
3. Radio navigation (Electronic Navigation)
Three basic types of navigation

1. Dead reckoning or deduced reckoning:
 keeping track of where the plane has been
 by recording course and speed over time keeps track of the plane position
 different types of primary data sources are used (barometric, gyroscopic, INS)
 essentially calculated directions and distances or vector lines to show the
plane’s track and its resulting location
 dead reckoning position is needed to solve some celestial navigation
problems

2. Celestial Navigation:
 a plane’s position is affected by influences besides its own course
and speed, such as wind
 to check or verify the plane’s position, the navigator can use
“lighthouses of the sky” – the sun, moon, stars, and planets
 the angles between the horizon and these celestial bodies can be
used to fix the plane’s location

2. Celestial Navigation
3. Radio navigation (Electronic Navigation):

 now is the common satellite-based global positioning system (GPS)
 different ground-based radio electronic devices are used
 GPS has become so reliable and easy to use that other navigation
methods are only kept in practice in case of a GPS or electrical failure
 GPS has become so universal that it has a wide range of applications
3. Radio navigation (Electronic Navigation)
Apply the units of measurement appropriate to navigation
Refresher
Units of measurement for:
 Time, Date
 Length, Distance, Weight, Location
(position)
 Altitude, Height
 Speed (airspeed, ground speed, vertical
speed)
 Atmospheric (pressure, temperature)
 Plane angle
Refresher
Refresher
Refresher
Applying
Position in space (moving
coordinates) determination
Applying
determination relative to the Earth
(position, direction, distance)
Applying
speed measurement and calculation
Applying
measurement and calculation of height
Questions

ATCO 5 NAVB 1 Nav Introduction

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Subject 5: Navigation

Утверждено на заседании Учебно-методического совета от 28 июня 2018 года PPT 5.1.1

NAVB 1 NAVB 2 NAVB 3 NAVB 4 NAVB 5 NAVB 6 NAVB 7

PT 2.1 PT 3.1 PT 4.1 PT 5.1 PT 6.1 MT 7.1

Pass score – 80%

NAVB 5: Map making NAVB 6: Maps and

NAVB 7: Influence of NAVB 9: Navigational

NAVB 10: Visual NAVB 11: Ground-based NAVB 12: On-board

NAVB 16: Future

1. Explain the need for navigation in aviation

 Navigating at sea required many complex steps, including special training

 The challenges of global navigation have motivated investments from

Application in various fields of human activity

 Early inventors sometimes worked independently to advance the

Application in various fields of human activity

 Navigation on a ship  Navigation on a plane

Application in various fields of human activity

 Navigation system in a car  Navigation as mobile lifestyle

Application in various fields of human activity

 Navigation for people with disabilities (outdoor, indoor)

Application in various fields of human activity

Application in various fields of human activity

 Navigation for space challenge

 Navigation is finding one’s way at sea and in the air.

 Navigation is based on astronomy, physics, oceanography, meteorology,

 Determining position and maintaining direction under routine conditions

 Early aviators on long flights, sometimes, faced great

Why navigating in the air more difficult than

 Speed: Airplanes moved faster than ships.

Three basic types of navigation in aviation

1. Dead reckoning or deduced reckoning

Three basic types of navigation

Three basic types of navigation

Three basic types of navigation

Three basic types of navigation

3. Radio navigation (Electronic Navigation):

Three basic types of navigation

3. Radio navigation (Electronic Navigation)

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