GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

 GROWTH
 Used to denote an increase in physical
size or quantitative change
 DEVELOPMENT
 Used to indicate an increase in skill or
the ability to function or a qualitative
change
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

 Continuous process- conception to death

 In an orderly sequences
 Different children pass through the
PREDICTABLE stages at DIFFERENT rates
 All body system do not develop at the
same time
 From proximodistal and cephalocaudal
 From gross to refined skills
RATES OF DEVELOPMENT
 Fetal period and infancy: head and neurologic
tissues grow faster than other tissues
 Infancy and adolescence: fast growth periods
 Toddler through school-age: slow growth period
 Toddler and preschool: the trunk grows more
rapidly than other tissue
 School-age: the limbs grow most
 Adolescence: trunk grows faster than other
tissues
 FOSTER PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
 FUNCTIONS OF PLAY

1. RECREATIONAL
Release surplus energy
2. SENSORIMOTOR
Muscle development, tactile, auditory, visual
and kinesthetic stimulation
3. THERAPEUTIC
Release tension and stress
4. EDUCATIONAL
Learn about physical world and associate
names with object
BODY MOVEMENT

 Any change in the body position

 A way of expressing, exploring and
interpreting oneself to develop one’s
capabilities
NON-LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENT

 STATIONARY BODY MOVEMENT

A) Flexing or bending
B) Extending or stretching
C) Elevating or raising
D) Rotating or twisting
E) Swinging or swaying
F) Shaking or beating
LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENT
 DYNAMIC BODY MOVEMENT

A) Walking
B) Running
C) Jumping
D) Hopping
E) Leaping
F) Skipping
TODDLER

 TYPE OF PLAY

PARALLEL PLAY
 Children play along side with others
but not with them
 Children play side by side without
interaction
 KIND OF PLAY AND TOYS FOR
TODDLERS
KIND OF PLAY TOYS

Physical active Push and pull toys,

pedal propelled toys like
tricycle, rocking horse
etc.
Manipulative Blocks, crayon, coloring
books, finger paint

Imaginative Cooking utensils,

dishes, furniture,
telephone
SAFETY MEASURES

 Make sure that when enhancing

physical development of toddler,
caregivers should promote safety
measures
 Children must be active, and safety
actions are important to prevent
accident
 SAFETY MEASURES TO PREVENT
POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION CAREGIVER

CONCERNS
DOG BITES Common especially Do not allow
in children approaching strange
dogs
Outdoor activity
supervision

CHOKING Mechanical Avoid popcorn,

obstruction peanut, toys with
small parts
Do not eat while
walking
FALLS most falls occur at Secure gates on top
home, which involve and at the bottom of
stairs stairs
Keep an eye on
playground
VEHICULAR An automobile Stay close
ACCIDENTS collides with a toddler Supervise while
walking, running e.g.
running across the
street
BURNS Potential hazard in Keep out of hot
every home surfaces
Burns from hot water Do not leave them
and liquids are unsupervised while
sometimes the most near candles, hot tea
common childhood pot, heater, etc.
accident
NOTE

Some children are more active,

curious, and impulsive more
vulnerable to accidents
15 months
(1 ¼ years)

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Scribbles spontaneously
2) Builds tower of 2 blocks
3) Drink from a cup

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Walks well alone
2) Goes up but cannot get down
3) Seat self in chair
18 months
(1 ½ years)

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Imitates strokes in drawing
2) Manage spoon well
3) Drinks well

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Stand on one foot
2) Run and jump clumsily
24 months
(2 years)

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Build tower of 5 blocks

2) Push and pull

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Tip toe

2) Pedal a tricycle
30-36 months
(2 ½ - 3 years)

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Uses scissors

2) Unbuttons

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Jumps down from chair

2) Bowel and bladder control

PRESCHOOLER
TYPE OF PLAY

COOPERATIVE PLAY
 Loosely organized group play

 Preschoolers do not need too much

toys- very imaginative and normally
with imaginary friend
 Loves imitating other people when
playing
FUNCTIONS OF PLAY

1. RECREATIONAL
Gain cooperation and learn to share with
playmates, especially 5 years old
1. SENSORIMOTOR
Imitative and imaginary
3. THERAPEUTIC
Conveys emotions more through action
than word
4. EDUCATIONAL
Physical oriented
 KIND OF PLAY AND TOYS FOR
PRESCHOOL
KIND OF PLAY TOYS
Physical active Tricycle, swing, other playground
equipment

Manipulative Large piece puzzle, cut out sets,

painting set, crayon, coloring books,
small trucks, clay

Imaginative Doll, dress up clothes, doll house

Imitative Pretend to be teachers, policemen,

doctor, nurses, superman, etc
 SAFETY MEASURES TO PREVENT
POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION CAREGIVER
CONCERNS
POISONING To injure or kill with a Never present drugs as
substance (chemical, food, candies
electrical) Stock first aid kit (ipecac)
DOG BITES

VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS
BURNS Keep electrical wires out
of reach
Not to play with matches
Teach how to escape from
burning area
DROWNING Tosuffocate by Teach to swim
submersion especially in Do not leave alone in
water bathtub or near water
3 years old
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
1) Undresses self
2) Writes lines, alphabet letter, draw
a cross

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Runs alternate feet on stairs
2) Pedaling a riding toy
3) Stands on one foot
4 years old
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
1) Counting using fingers
2) Arrange the puzzle
3) Clay molding

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Skip constantly in motion
2) Brushes teeth
5 years old
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
1) Tie shoelaces
2) Draw picture of a person
3) Copying triangle or square
4) Dressing self independently

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Pushing
2) Jumps rope
3) Skips on alternate feet
SCHOOLAGE CHILD
TYPE OF PLAY

COMPETITIVE PLAY
 Also known as complex play- with
rules that increase cognitive
capabilities
 Gender differences usually manifest
through play
FUNCTIONS OF PLAY

1. SENSORIMOTOR
-kinesthetic stimulation

2. THERAPEUTIC
-stress release and make them feel
relax

3. EDUCATIONAL
-increase mental abilities,
challenging
 KIND OF PLAY AND TOYS FOR
SCHOOL AGE

KIND OF PLAY TOYS

Physical active Jumping rope, bicycle riding, climb
trees, hop scotch
Competitive Dart games, chess, jigsaw puzzle,
simple word and number games,
challenging games
social Role playing

Hobbies Collection of stamps, arts etc.

 SAFETY MEASURES TO PREVENT POTENTIAL
ACCIDENTS

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION CAREGIVER

CONCERNS
SPORTS INJURIES -Wear appropriate
equipment
-Prevent physical
exhaustion
FIRE ARM -Teach safe firearm use
BURNS
VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS -Encourage the use of
seatbelts, wear
FALLS helmets
6-12 years old
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
1) Cut, paste well and draw a person with good detail
2) Read and write
3) Show off skills in cards, letter, or project

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1) Jump, tumble, and skip
2) Ride a bicycle
3) Participate in sports
4) Handle great deal of responsibility
5) Bending and stretching
6) Complete given task
7) Constant motion