Presentation

on

Antennas
Antenna Fundamentals
Definition:
An antenna is generally a metallic object often a wire
or a group of wires used to convert the high frequency current
flowing through it into electromagnetic waves and vice-versa.
Functions of Antenna:
(i)It couples the transmitter output to the free space or the
received input to the receiver.
(ii)It must be capable of radiating or receiving the
electromagnetic waves.
(iii)It converts high frequency current into electromagnetic
waves.
If RF current flows in a wire conductor it is found that the
energy applied at one end is not exactly same at the other end.
Some of the energy ‘escapes’ i.e. radiated.
It is possible to calculate the amount of energy escaped, its
direction using the Maxwells equation.
In short, an antenna or aerial as it is sometimes called, is one or
more electrical conductors of a specific length that radiate
radio waves generated by a transmitter or that collect radio
waves at the receiver.
There are hundreds of different types of antennas in use today.
 Transmitting Antenna: Any structure designed to
efficiently radiate electromagnetic radiation in a
preferred direction is called a transmitting antenna.
 I n reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power
of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny
voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to
be amplified. An antenna can be used for both
transmitting andreceiving.
 Receiving Antenna: Any structure designed to
efficiently receive electromagnetic radiation is called
a receiving antenna
WHERE USED?
 Antennas are used in systems such as radio and
television broadcasting, point to point radio
communication, wireless LAN, radar and space
exploration.
 Antennas are most utilized in air or outer space.
 B u t can also be operated under water or even through
soil and rock at certain frequencies for short distances.
Terms and Definitions
Radiation Pattern
All transmitting antennas are not isotropic radiators
they can transmit ‘more’ energy in some directions
than other directions.
Definition:
A graph or diagram which tells us about the
manner in which an antenna radiates more power in
different directions is known as the “radiation
pattern of antenna”.
For a receiving antenna the diagram is known as the
directional pattern of the antenna.
Radiation Pattern(Continued…)

Fig. 6.1: Radiation Pattern of An Antenna

RADIATION PATTERN

Radiation pattern of TypicalAntennas

Radiation Pattern(Continued…)

As shown in Fig. 6.1,

(i) This antenna radiates maximum energy in
the direction of 180. The radiated energy then
gradually decreases with increase in the angle on both
the sides of 180 direction.
(ii) The radiation pattern has been drawn for
the constant distant.
(iii) The antenna having this type of radiation
pattern is called ‘directional antenna’. Thus, the
directional antennas do not radiate equally in all
directions.
 Antenna Gain
We know that, the directional antennas radiate more power in certain
direction than other.
Also the omnidirectional antenna radiate equally in all directions.
Another way of looking at this concentration of the radiation is to say
that antennas have ‘gain’ (in decibels).
(i) Directive Gain
Directive gain is defined as the ratio of the power density in a
particular direction of one antenna to the power density that would
be radiated by isotropic antenna in the same direction.
Directive Gain=Power density radiated / Power density radiated
in a particular direction /by isotropic radiator in the
same direction
For practical antennas, Directive gain > 1.
The power density of both types of antenna is measured at a specified
distance, and a comparative ratio is established.
Antenna Gain(Continued…)
(ii)Directivity:
Directivity is defined as the maximum
directive gain which is obtained in only one direction
in which the radiation is maximum.
Directivity =Maximum Directive Gain
(iii) Power Gain:
The power gain of an antenna is defined as
the ratio of power fed to an isotropic antenna to the
power fed to a directional antenna, to develop the
same field strength at the same direction.
Antenna Gain(Continued…)
Isotropic Radiator:
An isotropic radiator is a point source antenna
that radiates equally in all directions shown in Fig.
6.2.

Fig. 6.2: Isotropic Radiator

Antenna Gain(Continued…)
The EM waves spread uniformally in all directions in a space.
The radiation pattern of isotropic antenna is a sphere shown in
Fig. 6.2.
Power gain = Power fed to the Isotropic Antenna
Power fed to the directional antenna
A(dB) = 10log (P2/P1)
where,
A(dB) = Antenna gain in decibels
P1 = Power of directional antenna
P2 = Power of isotropic antenna
Relation between power gain and directive gain is,
Ap= ɳ D
where,
Ap = Power gain
D = Directivity
 = Antenna efficiency = 1
for ideal lossless antenna
Antenna Resistance
(i) Radiation Resistance:
Radiation resistance is the ratio of the power
radiated by the antenna to the square of current at the
feed point.
Radiation resistance =Power radiated by Antenna
Square of current at the feed point
Rr = Pt/I²
where, Rr is an a.c. resistance.
(ii) Antenna losses and efficiency:
Antenna losses can be caused by:
(i) Power dissipated in the antenna and ground
resistance.
(ii) Losses due to corona effects, imperfect
dielectric near the antenna.
(iii) Energy loss due to eddy currents induced into
nearby metallic objects, and I2R losses in the antenna itself.
Antenna Resistance(Continued…)
(ii)Antenna losses and efficiency:
Antenna losses can be caused by:
(i) Power dissipated in the antenna and
ground resistance.
(ii) Losses due to corona effects, imperfect
dielectric near the antenna.
(iii) Energy loss due to eddy currents induced
into nearby metallic objects, and I2R losses in the
antenna itself.
Antenna Resistance(Continued…)
Antenna efficiency:
Antenna efficiency is defined as the ratio of power
radiated to the total input power supplied to the antenna.
=Power radiated/total input power
= Rrad  100%
(Rrad + Rd
where,Rd = Antenna resistance
Rrad = Antenna radiation resistance
Low and medium-frequency antennas are least efficient
because of difficulties in achieving the proper physical
lengths.
These antennas can approach efficiencies only 75 to 95%.
Antennas at higher frequencies can easily achieve values
approaching 100%.
Radiation resistance values may vary from a few ohms to
several hundred ohms depending on the choice of feed
points, physical and electrical characteristics.
Bandwidth, Beamwidth and Polarization
Bandwidth, beamwidth and polarization are three
important terms dealing with the operation frequency
range, the degree of concentration of the radiation
pattern, also the space orientation of the radiated
waves.
(i) Bandwidth:
The term bandwidth refers to the range of
frequencies over which the operation of the antenna
is satisfactory.
It is the frequency difference between the half-power
points.
Two types:
1. Related to radiation pattern.
2. Related to input impedance.
Bandwidth, Beam width and
Polarization(ctn’ed…)
(ii)Beam width:
Beam width is defined as the angular separation between
the two half power points on the power density radiation
pattern.Beam width is expressed in degrees.

Fig. 6.3: Beamwidth

Fig. 6.3 shows the example, where beam angle is
30, which is sum of the two angles created at the points
where the field strength drops to 0.707 field strength in
(V/m) of the maximum voltage at the center of the lobe.
(These points are called the half-power points).
 Bandwidth, Beam width and
Polarization(ctn’ed…)
(iii) Polarization:
Polarization is defined as the direction of the electric
vector in the electromagnetic wave radiated by the transmitting
antenna. (Fig. 6.4).

Fig. 6.4: Polarization of the antenna showing E and M fields

Low frequency antennas are usually, vertically polarized
because of ground effect (reflected waves) etc. and physical
construction.
High frequency antennas are generally horizontally polarized.
Horizontal polarization is the more desired of the two because
of its rejection to noise made by people.
TYPES OF ANTENNAS
• According to their applications and technology available,
antennas generally fall in one of two categories:
1. Omnidirectional or only weakly directional antennas
which receive or radiate more or less in all directions.
These are employed when the relative position of the
other station is unknown or arbitrary. They are also used
at lower frequencies where a directional antenna would
be too large, or simply to cut costs in applications where
a directional antenna isn't required.
2. Directional or beam antennas which are intended to
preferentially radiate or receive in a particular direction
or directional pattern.
• According to length of transmission lines
available, antennas generally fall in one of two
categories:
1.Resonant Antennas – is a transmission line, the
length of which is exactly equal to multiples of
half wavelength and it is open at both ends.
2.Non-resonant Antennas – the length of these
antennas is not equal to exact multiples of half
wavelength. In these antennas standing waves are
not present as antennas are terminated in correct
impedance which avoid reflections. The waves
travel only in forward direction .Non-resonant
antenna is a unidirectional antenna.
Types of Antenna

Antennas are mainly classified into two types.

Antennas

Resonant Antennas Non-Resonant Antennas

 Resonant Antennas

Resonant antennas are opened out transmission line

i.e. they are open circuited at one end .
They have resonant lengths i.e. multiple of half-wave
length.
The lengths of the antennas are L = /2, L = , L =
3/2 and so on.
A resonant antenna corresponds to resonant
transmission line.
Radiated patterns of resonant dipoles are shown in Fig.
6.5.
Resonant Antennas(Continued…)

Fig. 6.5 : Radiation Pattern of Various Resonant

Dipoles
Non-Resonant Antennas
Non-resonant antennas are the antennas in which the
source is matched to the load (i.e. they don’t have open
circuit).
A non-resonant antenna is like a properly terminated
transmission line, produces no standing waves.
They are suppressed by the use of a correct termination
resistor and no power is reflected, ensuring that only
forward travelling waves will present.
In a correctly matched transmission line, all the transmitted
power is dissipated in the terminating resistance.
When an antenna is terminated as shown in Fig. 6.6 (a)
about two-third of the forward power is radiated and
remaining is dissipated in the antenna.
 Non-Resonant Antennas (continued…)

(a) Layout and Current Distribution (b)

Radiation Pattern
Fig. 6.6: Non-Resonant Antenna
As shown in Fig. 6.6 (b), the radiation pattern of the resonant
antenna and a non-resonant antenna are same except one major
difference i.e. the
non-resonant antenna is unidirectional.
Demerits of Non-Resonant Antennas:
(i) Low gain.
(ii) Low efficiency.
(iii) Occupy more space.
Comparison between Resonant and Non-resonant Antennas
Dipole
 Dipole Antenna
•An antenna is some form of electrical conductor.
•It may be a length of wire, a metal rod, or a piece of
tubing.
•Many different sizes and shapes are used.
•The length of the conductor is dependent upon the
frequency of transmission.
•Antennas radiate most effectively when their length is
directly related to the wavelength of the transmitted
signal.
•Most of the antennas have a length that is some
fraction of a wavelength.
•The most common lengths are one-half and one-
quarter wavelengths.
Half Wave Dipole Antenna
Half wave dipole is a resonant antenna. A resonant
antenna corresponds to resonant transmission line.
One of the most widely used antenna types is the half-
wave dipole shown in Fig. 6.7 also called a doublet.

Fig. 6.7: A Half-wave Dipole

Half-wave dipole antenna corresponds to a resonant
transmission line.
i.e. exact half-wave length (/2) long and open-circuited at
one end.
The dipole antennas have lengths of /2, , 3/2 etc.
which are all multiple of /2. Hence, the dipole antennas
are resonant antennas
 Half Wave Dipole Antenna(continued…)
Radiation Pattern:
• If you look down on the top of the dipole, the
radiation pattern appears as figure eight shown in Fig. 6.8.

Fig. 6.8: Horizontal Radiation Pattern of Half-wave

Dipole
 Folded Dipole Antenna

Fig. 6.10: (a) Folded Dipole

Radiation Pattern:
The folded dipole has the same direction pattern as the
ordinary dipole.

Fig. 6.10: (b) Radiation Pattern of Folded Dipole

 Loop Antenna

(a) (b)
Fig. 6.11: (a) Loop Antenna
Fig. 6.11: (b) Directional Radiation Pattern of Loop
Antenna
Loop Antenna(Continued…)
Advantages
Loop antenna has the following advantages:
(i) Highly directive.
(ii) Small size.
Disadvantage
Loop antenna has very low radiation efficiency.
Applications
Loop antenna has following applications.
1. For direction finding.
2. In portable receivers.
3. In navigation.

For more detail contact us

ANTENNA APPLICATIONS
They are used in systems such as
 R a d i o broadcasting
 Broadcast television
 Two-way radio
 Communication receivers
 R a d ar
 C e l l phones
 Satellite communications.
Antenna & its Types
 ANTENNA APPLICATIONS
They are used in systems such as
 Radio broadcasting

 Broadcast television

 Two-way radio

 Communication receivers

 Radar

 Cell phones

 Satellite communications.
 INTRODUCTION

The Yagi-Uda antenna or Yagi Antenna is one of the most brilliant

antenna designs. It is simple to construct and has a high gain
typically greater than 10 dB.

The Yagi-Uda antennas typically operate in the HF to UHF bands

(about 3 MHz to 3 GHz) and Covers 40 to 60 Km.

A Directional Antenna System Consisting of an array of Coupled

Parallel Dipoles. This is commonly known as Yagi-uda or Simply Yagi
Antenna.

Yagi-uda Antenna is familiar as the Commonest kind Of

Terrestrial TV Antenna to be found on the Roof tops of houses.
 CONSTRUCTION

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF ELEMENTS:

 THE REFLECTOR (R)

 THE DRIVEN ELEMENT (D)

 THE DIRECTORS (DI)

 CONSTRUCTION

DRIVEN ELEMENT :
The driven element of a Yagi is the feed point where the feed line is
attached from the transmitter to the Yagi to perform the transfer of
power from the transmitter to the antenna.

A dipole driven element will be "resonant" when its electrical

length is 1/2 of the wavelength of the frequency applied to its feed
point.

The feed point in the picture above is on the center of the driven
element.
 CONSTRUCTION
DIRECTOR :
The director is the shortest of the parasitic elements and this end of
the Yagi is aimed at the receiving station. It is resonant slightly higher
in frequency than the driven element, and its length will be about 5%
shorter, progressively than the driven element.

The directors lengths can vary, depending upon the director spacing,
the number of directors used in the antenna, the desired pattern,
pattern bandwidth and element diameter.

The amount of gain is directly proportional to the length of the

antenna array and not by the number of directors used.
 CONSTRUCTION
REFLECTOR
The reflector is the element that is placed at the rear of the driven
element (The dipole).

It's resonant frequency is lower, and its length is approximately 5%

longer than the driven element. It's length will vary depending on the
spacing and the element diameter

The spacing of the reflector will be between .1 wavelength and .25

wavelength. It's spacing will depend upon the gain, bandwidth, F/B
ratio, and side lobe pattern requirements of the final antenna design.
 Working

 Reflector here derives it’s main Power from a driver , it reduces the
signal strength in it’s own direction and thus reflectes the radiation
towardes the driver and directors.
 The driven element is where the signal is intercpeted by the
receiving equipment and has the cable attached that takes the
recevied signal to the receiver
 The radiator and driver can be placed more closer to increase the
radiation length towards the directors.
 FIVE ELEMENT YAGI-UDA

DRIVER

REFLECTOR
Radiation pattern formed by the directional antenna

jack
Radiation pattern formed by the directional antenna
 The antenna exhibits a directional pattern consisting of a
main forward lobe and a number of spurious side lobes.

 The main one of these is the reverse lobe caused by

radiation in the direction of the reflector.

 The antenna can be optimised to either reduce this or

produce the maximum level of forward gain.

jack
 ADVANTAGES

 It has a Moderate Gain Of About 7 (dB).

 It is a Directional Antenna.

 Can be used at High Frequency.

 Adjustable from to Back Ratio.

 DISADVANTAGES

 The Gain is not Very High.

 Needs a large number of Elements to be used.

APPLICATIONS
Yagi-uda antenna is a unidirectional antenna. Used for
television recivers.They provide better tunning because of large
bandwidth and has decent gain.
parabolic dish antenna
Parabolic Reflector Dish Antenna

Parabolic antenna/ Microwave anten

/point to point antenna
Slotted /
Sectored
antenna
 What is Parabolic Antenna ?
•Aparabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a
parabolic reflector ,or a curved surface
with the cross-sectional shape of parabola, to
direct the radio waves.

•It is often referred to as a dish

antenna.
 Parabolic Reflector
• The reflector can be of sheet metal, or wire grill
construction it can be either circular “dish” or various shape to create
different beam shapes. Its size means that it is generally limited to use
above 1GHz, although larger antennas may be used for frequencies
down to about 100MHz.the parabolic reflector antenna or dish antenna
is known for its distinctive shape, its high gain, and narrow
beamwidths.
 Idea of design & Composition
• The operating principle of a parabolic antenna : is that the
radio waves at the focal point in front of a paraboloidal
reflector of conductive material will be reflected into a
collimated plane wave beam along the axis of the
reflector. Conversely, an incoming plane wave parallel to
the axis will be focused to a point at the focal point.

Focal length : The focal length of a parabola is the distance from its focus to its vertex
Types of parabolic Antenna
• Parabolic Antenna is classified by their shapes to :

• Parabolodial or dish : This is the most

common type.
It radiates a narrow pencil-shaped
beam.
Types of parabolic Antenna
•Shrouded Dish :
The shrouded shields the
antenna from radiation
from angles outside the
main beam axis ,
reducing the side lobe .
Shrouded microwave relay dishes on a
communications tower in Australia.
Types of parabolic Antenna
•Cylindrical :
The reflector is curved in
only one direction , and flat
in the other .
The radio waves come to a
focus not at a point but
along a line .
Early cylindrical parabolic
antenna,1931,Nauen,Germany .

Focus-The focus is where all the incoming radio waves are concentrated.
 Basic types of Parabolic
Antenna
Features of parabolic
antenna
Greater directivity and Gain .
Parabolic or dish antennas are NOT
frequency dependant .
Receives and radiates signal in one direction
only .
Produce sharp and narrow beam width of any
antenna types .
Handy for end users ( small reflector
antennas ) .
 Applications
 Parabolic antennas are used as :
High gain antennas for point to point
communication.
Wireless WAN/LAN links for data communications
satellite and spacecraft communication antennas.
Radio telescopes.
Radar antennas.
Satellite television dish antennas .
Horn antenna
Printed antenna
Micro-Strip Antennas
Applications:
• Used in mobile satellite
communication system.
• Direct broad cast telivision(DBS).
Wire less LAN’S.
• Feed elements in coaxial system
• GPS system.
• Missiles and telementry UHF Patch
Antennas for Space
Thank You