Neurophysiology

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani, drg., MS

Faal - Biologi Oral
FKG-UNAIR 1
 • Anatomy
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• Physiology
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Organization of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord

Sensor Division Peripheral Nervous System Motor Division

(afferent) Cranial Nerves (efferent)
CENTRAL NERVOUS Spinal Nerves
SYSTEM (CNS)

PERIPHERAL Autonomic Nervous System

NERVOUS (involuntary)
SYSTEM (PNS)
Brain

Cranial
nerve
Somatic Nervous System
(voluntary)
Spinal
nerves
Spinal cord

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 Brain and medulla spinalis, compose of: by :

Functional: NEURON

Supporting cell : NEUROGLIA

Protective Tissue:
- Meninx
- Cerebro-spinal fluid
- Cranial osseos
- BBB : Blood Brain Barriers

Pembuluh darah : Sistem sirkulasi cerebral

 The Brain

• The brain begins forming 3 weeks after

conception
• At 5 weeks gestation, the forebrain,
midbrain and hindbrain exist
• By the 6th week, early neural connections
permit the first fetal movements

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A system that controls all of the
activities of the body.
The nervous system is made of:

The brain The spinal cord

The nerves The senses

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FUNCTIONS
• Sensory input
– Sensory receptors detect stimuli
• Integration
– NS processes information (Information Technology)
• Motor output
– Activates muscles or glands

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 Organization of the Nervous System:

CNS
• Three divisions of brain:
– Forebrain
• cerebral hemispheres
– Midbrain
• Corpora quadrigemini, tegmentum,
cerebral peduncles
– Hindbrain
• Cerebellum, pons, medulla
• Brainstem:
– Midbrain, medulla, pons
– Connects cerebrum, cerebeluum, spinal cord

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Spinal Nervous

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SPECIAL SENSES

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 input
STIMULUS RECEPTOR

signal tranduction
SENSORIC nerve
afferent

ASSOCIATION nerve
MOTORIC nerve

MOTORIC AREA
CORTEKS CEREBRI efferent

output
EFECTOR
SENSORIC AREA
CORTEKS CEREBRI RESPONS

PERCEPTION

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The nervous system also allows you
to react to a stimulus.

is a change in the environment

Example: A hot stove

Or… tripping over a rock
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CNS S1 FKG-UNAIR, 2013
 Organization of the Nervous System:

Reticular Activating System

Radiation Fibres
• Key Regulatory Functions:
– CV, respiratory systems
– Wakefulness
Thalamus
• Clinical Link: Visual Inputs

– Disturbances in the RAS

are linked to sleep-wake
disturbances Reticular Formation

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Ascending Sensory Tracts
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Nutrition in BRAIN

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HEMISFERE of the BRAIN
serves many functions

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 CEREBRAL CORTEX
serves many functions

• Human life is defined in

terms of the working of
cortex

• 100 billions neurons are

organized in six distinct
layers

• The most prominent kind of

neurons in the cerebral
cortex is pyramidal cell
(Layer III & V)

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 Functions of the BRAIN
• Frontal cortex: general intellect and motor control

 Speech

 Critical to personality
 Abstract thought
 Capacity to initiate and stop tasks
 Concentration
 Memory

Temporal cortex: auditory input and its interpretation

 Language
 Memory
 Emotion

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Important Facts
• Parietal cortex : general sensory input and its
interpretation
Visual-spatial processing
Verbal processing

• Occipital Lobe : visual input and its interpretation

 Recall of objects, scenes, and distances

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The Diencephalon

• Divided into the thalamus & the hypothalamus

• Thalamus plays an important role in the

integration of the sensory and motor system

• The hypothalamus has been implicated in

Homeostasis hunger, thirst, temperature
regulation, hormonal balance, reproductive
behaviors and much more!

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Pathways Through Spinal Cord

Ascending pathways rise through the

cord to ward the brain bringing in
information about the body…

Lateral Spinothalamic – pain &

temperature

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* The Cerebrum is the largest part of
the brain.
1. The cerebrum controls your thinking.

2. The cerebrum controls your memory.

3. The cerebrum controls your speaking.

4. The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies

the information gathered by your sense organs.

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•The cerebellum is below and to the
back of the cerebrum.
•consists of the molecular layer, purkinje cell layer and granular cell layer
1. The cerebellum controls you balance.

2. The cerebellum controls your posture.

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* The Brain Stem connects the brain to
the spinal cord.
* The nerves in the brain stem control your
heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

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 * The vertebrae are the many
bones that protect the nerves in
the spinal cord.

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THE PONS

• The pons includes regions of motor

control and sensory analysis

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Spinocerebellar

Brings information to the cerebellum so it

can interpret the status of the body and
can compare actual movements to planned
movements (proprioception)

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• Cerebellum: movement control.
• Brain Stem: relays information between the brain
and the spinal cord.
• Spinal Cord: tracts of nerve fibers that allow
two-way conduction of nerve impulses.
– afferent -vs- efferent

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 Jenny Sunariani 29
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Large neurons called pyramidal cells
are found in the:
a) primary motor cortex
b) postcentral gyrus
c) insula

Speech production management

and controlling movements
for speaking are functions of:
a) Wernicke’s area
b) Broca’s area
c) Gustatory cortex
d) Vestibular cortex

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The blood-brain barrier exsists because:

a) the endothelial cells lining the capillaries in the

CNS are interconnected by tight junctions and
extensions of astrocytes surround the capillaries
b) normal blood flow is at a pressure too high for
the delicate brain tissue
c) only water-soluble compounds are permitted to
enter by passive diffusion
d) the hypothalamus regulates the permeablilty
of the blood vessels

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Cerebral ventricles

• Inside of the brain is a series of chambers

filled with Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

• CFS acts mechanically as a shock absorber

and also exchange nutrients

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Basal ganglia
• The basal ganglia include caudate nucleus ,
putamen , and globus pallidus under the
cortex and substantia nigra in the midbrain

• Basal ganglia are very important in initiation

and control of movement

• Remember four diseases of basal ganglia

•  wilson, pakinson, huntington, fahr

• By the way, they are not ganglia

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 The Limbic System

Limbic system include

the amygdala, the
hippocampus and
the fornix

Amygdala is for
emotion regulation, and
perception of odor

Hippocampus and
fornix are important
for learning and
memory Jenny Sunariani 34
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 Remember:
Reward Centre
Punishment Centre

NT for Emotion:
ENDORFIN
DOPAMIN
NOREPINEPRIN
SEROTONIN

Role in inflamation:
GROWTH HORMON
CORTISOL

Distracting the Patient Interest as a

mean to Decrease Perception of Pain
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The Winner Awards TIMNAS IV
Shangri-La Hotel Surabaya,
August 12, 2005

The mechanism of visual facility

as a pain distractor during
cavity preparation
Eric P. Prasetyo, drg. & Jenny Sunariani, drg., MS.
TIMNAS IV Short Lecture Session

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The mechanism of visual facility

as a pain distractor during cavity preparation

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Relation of Special Senses and Autonomic (Kapit, 1987)
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So:

• What the different between sensitive and

perception?

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 Thank you

We proud of you all

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