Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Pressure
For a static fluid, the only stress is the normal stress since by definition a fluid
subjected to a shear stress must deform and undergo motion. Normal stresses
are referred to as pressure p.
For the general case, the stress on a fluid element or at a point is a tensor
= xx
xy xz
yx
yy yz
zx
For a static fluid, zy zz
tij = 0 ij shear stresses = 0
tii = p = txx = tyy = tzz i=j normal stresses =-p
Also shows that p is isotropic, one value at a point which is independent of
direction, a scalar.
1
Fluid Statics: Pressure at a Point
F dF
p lim
A0 SF = dA
A 0
x
pnA sin - pxA sin = 0
W = mg pA= =p y
= Vg x
n
= xcos
= V z = sin
V = ½ xzy
p n y cos p z y cos
2 cos sin y 0
2
y cos p n y cos p z y cos
p n p z sin 0 2 cos sin y 0
2 2
y cos
W ( cos )( sin )y
2 p n p z sin 0
2
p n p z sin 0
2
pn pz for 0 i.e., pn = px = py = pz
2
p is single valued at a point and independent of directio
Fluid Statics: Pressure at a Point
F p p ndA
SB
f nds fd
s
f = constant f = 0
3
Fluid Statics: Pressure at a Point
Pressure Transmission
Pascal's law: in a closed system, a pressure change produced at one point in the
system is transmitted throughout the entire system.
pg > 0
pa = atmospheric
pA > pa pressure =
pg < 0 101.325 kPa
pA < pa
pA = 0 = absolute
zero
4
Fluid Statics: Pressure Variation with Elevation
For a static fluid, pressure varies only with elevation within the fluid. This can be
shown by consideration of equilibrium of forces on a fluid element
(1st order Taylor series estimate for pressure variation over dz)
p
pdxdy ( p dz)dxdy gdxdydz 0
z
p
g
z
Fy 0 Fx 0
p p
pdxdz (p dy)dxdz 0 pdydz (p dx )dydz 0
y x
p p
0 0
y x
For a static fluid, the pressure only varies with elevation z and is constant in
horizontal xy planes.
5
Fluid Statics: Pressure Variation with Elevation
Pressure Variation for a Uniform-Density Fluid
Z
p g
z
g = constant for liquid
p z
p z
p2 p1 z2 z1
p1 z1 p2 z2
6
Fluid Statics: Pressure Variation with Elevation
Pressure Variation for Compressible Fluids
dp
( p, z ) g
dz
For example, here we solve for the pressure in the atmosphere
assuming (p,T) given from ideal gas law, T(z) known, and g g(z)
p = RT R = gas constant = 287 J/kg K
p,T in absolute scale.
dp pg
dz RT
dp g dz
p R T (z )
which can be integrated for T(z) known
7
Fluid Statics: Pressure Variation with Elevation
Pressure Variation in the Troposphere
T To linear decrease zo = earth surface
To T(zo)where p po(zo) known =0
g R
p To ( z zo )
po To
8
Fluid Statics: Pressure Variation with Elevation
T Ts
dp g dz
p R Ts
g
ln p z constant
RTs
p
e ( z z 0 ) g / RTs
po
p po exp[ ( z zo ) g / RTs ]
9
Fluid Statics: Pressure Measurements
Differential manometer
Bourdon-Tube Gage
More modern devices include Bourdon-Tube Gage (mechanical device based
on deflection of a spring) and pressure transducers (based on deflection of a
flexible diaphragm/membrane). The deflection can be monitored by a strain
gage such that voltage output is p across diaphragm, which enables
electronic data acquisition with computers.
10
Fluid Statics: Pressure Measurements
Manometry
1.Baromete r
pv γ
patm γ h Λ
Note : patm is relative to absolute zero
, i.e., absolute pressure. patm patm(locat ion, weather)
Consider why water barometer is impractica l
Hg hHg H O hH O
2 2
Hg
hH O hHg S Hg hHg 13.6 76 1033.6 cm 34 ft
2
H O
2
11
Fluid Statics: Pressure Measurements
Manometry
patm h ppipe p
p h
Simple but impractica l for large p
and vacuum pressures (i.e., pabs patm). Also for small p and small d,
due to large surface tension effects, could be corrected using
h 4 / d but accuracy may be problem if p/
p1 + mh l = p4 p1 = patm
p4 = mh l age
= w[Smh S l]
for gases S << Sm and can be neglected, i.e., can
neglect p in gas compared to p in liquid in
determining p4 = ppipe.
12
Fluid Statics: Pressure Measurements
A differential manometer determines the difference in pressures at two points ①
and ② when the actual pressure at any point in the system cannot be
determined
p mh ( h) p
1 f 1 f 2 2
p p ( ) (m )h
1 2 f 2 1 f
p1 p
1 2 2 : m 1h
f f p1 f– p2 = (m - f) h
13
Fluid Statics: Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
For a static fluid, the shear stress is zero and the only stress is the normal stress,
i.e., pressure p. Recall that p is a scalar, which when in contact with a solid
surface exerts a normal force towards the surface.
Fp pndA
A
F pdA pA p = constant
(x,y) = centroid of A
(xcp,ycp) = center of pressure
15
Fluid Statics: Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
Inclined Surfaces
g z
(x,y) = centroid of A
(xcp,ycp) = center of pressure
16
Fluid Statics: Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
Inclined Surfaces
17
Fluid Statics: Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
1
A
y ydA
dF pdA y sin
F pdA sin ydA
A A
F sin y A p A
Magnitude of resultant hydrostati c force on plane surface
is product of pressure at centroid of area and
area of surface
Center of Pressure
Center of pressure is in general below centroid since pressure increases with
depth. Center of pressure is determined by equating the moments of the
resultant and distributed forces about any arbitrary axis.
Determine ycp by taking moments about horizontal axis 0-0
ycpF = ydF y pdA
A A
A A
moment of inertia
2
Io y A I
I moment of inertia with respect to horizontal
centroidal axis 18
Fluid Statics: Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
2
ycp F sin ( y A I )
2
ycp ( p A) sin ( y A I )
2
ycp sin y A sin ( y A I )
2
ycp y A y A I
I
ycp y
yA
I
ycp is below centroid by
yA
ycp y for large y
For po 0, y must be measured from an equivalent free surface located po/ above y .
20