Psychology 3E: Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

PSYCHOLOGY 3e
Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

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Copyright © Pearson Education 2012
What Is
Abnormality?
Defining Psychopathology
Psychopathology:
The study of abnormal
thoughts, feelings and
behaviors
Copyright ©
Pearson Education 2012
Early Explanations of Mental Illness
14.1 How has mental illness been explained in the past, how is abnormal behavior
defined today, and what is the impact of cultural differences in defining abnormality?
Ancient times:
Evil spirits released via trepanning
Hippocrates:
Mental illness from imbalance of
body’s four humors
Middle Ages:
Spirit possession and exorcism
Renaissance:
Mentally ill labeled witches
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What Is Abnormal Behavior?
1 Statistically rare
2 Deviant from social norms
Causes subjective discomfort

3
Does not allow day-to-day functioning
4
Causes a person to be dangerous
5 to self or others
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Models of
Abnormality
Models of Abnormality
LO 14.2 How can psychological disorders be explained within the biological and psychological models?
Behavior is caused by
biological changes Abnormal behavior stems
Biological
in the chemical,
Psychodynamic
from repressed conflicts
model
structural, or genetic and urgesmodel
that are fighting
to become conscious.
systems of the body.
EXPLANATION
OF DISORDER
Abnormal behavior is
the result of the
Behaviorism
Abnormal behavior is Biopsychosocial
combined and interacting
forces of biological,
learned. model
psychological, social,
and cultural influences.
Abnormal behavior
Cognitive
comes from irrational
beliefs and illogical
perspective
patterns of thought.
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DSM-IV-TR
14.3 What are the different types
of psychological disorders
and how common are they?
DSM-IV-TR:
• Manual of psychological
disorders and their
symptoms
• Divides disorders and
relevant facts about person
being diagnosed along five
different axes
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Five Axes of the DSM-IV-TR
Clinical disorders
Global Personality
assessment of disorders; mental
functioning retardation
Psychosocial, General medical

environmental conditions
problems
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Axis I Disorders of the DSM-IV-TR
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The Pros and Cons of Labels
Labels:
• Help establish distinct diagnostic
categories
• Help patients receive effective treatment
• Can be dangerous or overly prejudicial
Rosenhan study at psychiatric hospitals:
• Psychological labels long lasting and
powerful
• Affect how other people see mental
patients and how patients see themselves
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Anxiety Disorders:
What, Me Worry?
Phobic Disorders
14.4 What are the different types of anxiety
disorders, their symptoms, and causes?
Phobia: Irrational, persistent

fear of an object, situation, or
social activity
• Social phobia: Fear of negative
evaluation in social situations
• Specific phobias: Fear of
objects, situations, or events
• Agoraphobia: Fear of
place/situation from which
escape is difficult or impossible
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Common Phobias
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Panic Disorder
Panic disorder: Frequent,

disruptive panic attacks
Panic attack: Sudden, intense
panic; multiple physical and
emotional symptoms
Panic disorder with agoraphobia:
Fear of panic attack in unfamiliar,
public place
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive
disorder:
• Obsessive, recurring thoughts
create anxiety.
• Compulsive, ritualistic,
repetitive behavior or mental
acts reduce that anxiety.
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Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
• Acute stress disorder (ASD):

From exposure to a major
stressor, with numerous
symptoms including moments
when the event is “relived” in
dreams and flashbacks for as
long as 1 month after
occurrence
• Posttraumatic stress disorder:
Symptoms of ASD last
more than 1 month
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder:

Feelings of dread/doom and
physical stress lasting at least
six months
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Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Psychodynamic: Repressed urges

and desires trying to come into
consciousness, create anxiety that is
controlled by the abnormal behavior
Behavioral: Disordered
behavior learned through
operant and classical
conditioning techniques
Cognitive: Excessive anxiety from

illogical, irrational thought processes
Biological: Chemical
imbalances in the
nervous system,
genetic transmission
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Mood Disorders:
The Effect of Affect
Mood Disorders
14.5 What are the different types of mood disorders and their causes?
• Affect: An emotional reaction

• Mood disorders: Severe
disturbances in emotion
• Person with mood disorder
experiences emotions that
are extreme and, therefore,
abnormal
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Major Depression
Major Depression:
Severe depression,
sudden, no apparent
external cause
• Most common of mood
disorders
• Twice as common in women
as in men
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Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder:
Severe mood swings
between major
depressive episodes
and manic episodes
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Causes of Mood Disorders
Behavioral: Link depression to

learned helplessness
Cognitive: See depression as the

result of distorted, illogical
thinking
Biological: Variation in neurotransmitter

levels or specific brain activity; genes
and heritability play a part
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Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
14.6 What are the two primary types of eating disorders, how do they differ, and who
are they most likely to affect?
Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa
Condition in which Condition in which a

eating is reduced to person develops a
the point that a weight cycle of “binging” and
loss of 15 percent uses unhealthy
below expected body methods to avoid
weight or more is the weight gain
result
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Possible Signs of Eating Disorders
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Dissociative
Disorders:
Altered Identities
Dissociative Disorders
14.7 How do the various dissociative disorders differ, and how do they develop?
Dissociative disorders: Break in

conscious awareness, memory,
and/or sense of identity
• Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss for
personal information, either partial or
complete
• Dissociative fugue: Travel from familiar
surroundings with amnesia for trip and
possibly personal identity
• Dissociative identity disorder:
Person seems to have two or
more distinct personalities
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Schizophrenia:
Altered Reality
Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia:
Severely disordered
thinking, bizarre
behavior, inability to
separate fantasy from
reality
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
14.8 What are the main symptoms, types, and causes of schizophrenia?
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
• Excesses of, or additions • Less than, or an absence

to, normal behavior of, normal behavior
• Delusions: Unshakeable, • Poor attention
false beliefs • Flat affect: A lack of
– Delusional disorder: emotional responsiveness
Primary symptom is
• Poor speech production
delusion
• Hallucinations: Seeing or
hearing things that don’t
exist
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Categories of Schizophrenia
• Hallucinations • Periods of • Delusions of

• Confused statue-like persecution,
speech immobility grandeur, and
mixed with jealousy,
• Inappropriate
bursts of wild, together with
emotion
agitated hallucinations
• Social movement and
impairments talking
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Causes of Schizophrenia
• Positive symptoms appear to be associated with

overactivity of dopamine areas of brain; negative with
lower dopamine activity
• Genetics, brain structural defects have been implicated
• Genetics supported by twin and adoption studies
• Biological roots supported by universal lifetime
prevalence across cultures of approximately 7–8 people
out of 1,000
• Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with
genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the
disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or
emotional stress at critical times in development
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Personality
Disorders:
I’m OK, It’s
Everyone Else
Who’s Weird
Personality Disorders
14.9 How do the various personality disorders differ, and what is thought to be the
cause of personality disorders?
Personality disorders:
Persistent, rigid,
maladaptive behavior
interfering with normal
social interaction
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Antisocial personality disorder:

No morals or conscience,
impulsive, lacks regard for
consequences
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Borderline personality
disorder: Moody,
unstable, unclear sense
of identity, clings to
others
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Future Directions in Psychopathology
14.10 What are some of the future directions in psychopathology?
• DSM constantly being

revised to include the
findings of current
research
• Some changes involve
terminology used to
describe disorders and
their symptoms
• Push for greater social
relevance and attention
to cultural differences
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PSYCHOLOGY 3e

Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

2 Deviant from social norms

Causes subjective discomfort

Psychosocial, General medical

Phobia: Irrational, persistent

Panic disorder: Frequent,

• Acute stress disorder (ASD):

Generalized anxiety disorder:

Psychodynamic: Repressed urges

Cognitive: Excessive anxiety from

• Affect: An emotional reaction

Behavioral: Link depression to

Cognitive: See depression as the

Biological: Variation in neurotransmitter

Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa

Condition in which Condition in which a

Dissociative disorders: Break in

• Excesses of, or additions • Less than, or an absence

• Hallucinations • Periods of • Delusions of

• Positive symptoms appear to be associated with

Antisocial personality disorder:

• DSM constantly being

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