MOM Chapter 04 New-Edited

Chapter Objectives (Section 4.2 ~ 4.
5)
 Determine the elastic deformation of axially loaded
member
 Apply the principle of superposition for total effect of
different loading cases
 Deal with compatibility conditions
 Use ‘force method’ of analysis.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

In-class Activities
• Check homework, if any
• Reading Quiz
• Applications
• Elastic deformation in axially loaded member
• Principle of superposition
• Compatibility conditions
• ‘Force method’ of analysis
• Concept Quiz

READING QUIZ
1) The stress distributions at different cross

sections are different. However, at locations
far enough away from the support and the
applied load, the stress distribution becomes
uniform. This is due to
a) Principle of superposition
b) Inelastic property
c) Poisson’s effect
d) Saint Venant’s Principle

READING QUIZ (cont.)

2) The principle of superposition is valid

provided that
1. The loading is linearly related to the stress or displacement

2. The loading does not significantly change the original
geometry of the member
3. The Poisson’s ratio v ≤ 0.45
4. Young’s Modulus is small
a) a, b and c
b) a, b and d
c) a and b only
d) All

APPLICATIONS
Most concrete columns are reinforced with steel rods; and

these two materials work together in supporting the applied
load. Are both subjected to axial stress?

ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBER
P x  dδ
 and ε 
Ax  dx
• Provided these quantities do not exceed the proportional
limit, we can relate them using Hooke’s Law, i.e. σ = E ε
Px   d 
 E 
A x   dx 
P x dx
d 
A x E
P x dx
L
 
0
A x E

EXAMPLE 1
The assembly shown in Fig. 4–7a consists of an aluminum
tube AB having a cross-sectional area of 400 mm2. A steel
rod having a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid collar
and passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is
applied to the rod, determine the displacement of the end C
of the rod. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• Find the displacement of end C with respect to end B.
C / B 
PL


 80103  0.6 
 0.003056 m 

AE  0.005 200109  
• Displacement of end B with respect to the fixed end A,
B 
PL


 80103  0.4 
 0.001143  0.001143 m 

AE 400106  70109  
• Since both displacements are to the right,
 C   C   C / B  0.0042 m  4.20 mm 

EXAMPLE 2
A member is made from a material that has a specific weight
and modulus of elasticity E. If it is in the form of a cone
having the dimensions shown in Fig. 4–9a, determine how
far its end is displaced due to gravity when it is suspended in
the vertical position.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• Radius x of the cone as a function of y is determined by proportion,
x ro ro
 ; x y
y L L
• The volume of a cone having a base of radius x and height y is
 ro2
V yx 2  y3
3 3L2

EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• Since W  V , the internal force at the section becomes
ro2
   Fy  0; P y   y3
3L2
• The area of the cross section is also a function of position y,

ro2
A y   x 2
y2
L2
• Between the limits of y =0 and L yields
 
L
P y dy
L


ro2 3L2 dy L2


0

A y E 0 ro L E
2 2
6E
(Ans)

PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
• It can be used to solve problems having complicated
loadings. This is done by dividing the loading into
components, then algebraically adding the results.
• It is applicable provided the material obeys Hooke’s Law

and the deformation is small.
• If P = P1 + P2 and d ≈ d1 ≈ d2, then the deflection at

location x is sum of two cases, δx = δx1 + δx2

COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS
• When the force equilibrium condition alone cannot
determine the solution, the structural member is called
statically indeterminate.
• In this case, compatibility conditions at the constraint

locations shall be used to obtain the solution. For example,
the stresses and elongations in the 3 steel wires are
different, but their displacement at the common joint A must
be the same.

EXAMPLE 3
The bolt is made of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy and is tightened
so it compresses a cylindrical tube made of Am 1004-T61
magnesium alloy. The tube has an outer radius of 10 mm,
and both the inner radius of the tube and the radius of the bolt
are 5 mm. The washers at the top and bottom of the tube are
considered to be rigid and have a negligible thickness. Initially
the nut is hand-tightened slightly; then, using a wrench, the
nut is further tightened one-half turn. If the bolt has 20
threads per inch, determine the stress in the bolt.

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• Equilibrium requires
   Fy  0; Fb  Ft  0 (1)
• When the nut is tightened on the bolt, the tube will shorten.
   t  0.5   b

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• Taking the 2 modulus of elasticity,
Ft 60 Fb 60
 
   
 10 2  52 45 103
0 .5
   
 52 75 103
5 Ft  125 1125  9 Fb (2)
• Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously, we get

Fb  Ft  31556  31.56 kN
• The stresses in the bolt and tube are therefore

Fb 31556
b    401.8 N/mm 2  401.8 MPa (Ans)
Ab  5
Ft 31556
s    2
 133.9 MPa (Ans)

At  10  5
2 2
133.

9 N/mm

FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS
• It is also possible to solve statically indeterminate problem
by writing the compatibility equation using the superposition
of the forces acting on the free body diagram.

EXAMPLE 4
The A-36 steel rod shown in Fig. 4–17a has a diameter of 10
mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and before it is loaded there is
a gap between the wall at B’ and the rod of 0.2 mm.
Determine the reactions at A and Neglect the size of the
collar at C. Take Est = 200GPa.

EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• Using the principle of superposition,


0.0002   P   B 1
• From Eq. 4-2,
P 
PLAC


20103  0.4    3


 0.005 20010  
2 9
0.5093 10
AE
FB 1.2
 76.394410 9 FB
FL
 B  B AB 
AE  0.005 20010 
2
 9

• Substituting into Eq. 1, we get
 
0.0002  0.5093 103  76.3944 109 FB  
 
FB  4.05 103  4.05 kN (Ans)

EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• From the free-body diagram,
   Fx  0
 FA  20  4.05  0
FA  16.0 kN (Ans)

CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The assembly consists of two posts made

from material 1 having modulus of elasticity
of E1 and a cross-sectional area A1 and a
material 2 having modulus of elasticity E2 and
cross-sectional area A2. If a central load P is
applied to the rigid cap, determine the force
in each post. The support is also rigid.

CONCEPT QUIZ (cont.)
E1 A1
Let r 
E2 A2
 r 
A) P1   P C) P1  rP
 2r  1 
 1 
P2   P P2  2r  1P
 2r  1 
 1 
B) P1   P D) P1  r r  1P
 2r  1 
 r 
P2   P P2  r  1P
 2r  1 

Chapter Objectives (Section 4.6 ~ 4.9)
 Deal with thermal stress problems
 Deal with stress concentration problems
 Deal with inelastic deformation problems
 Deal with residual stress problems

In-class Activities
• Check homework, if any
• Reading Quiz
• Applications
• Thermal Stress
• Stress Concentration
• Inelastic deformation
• Residual Stress
• Concept Quiz

READING QUIZ
1) The units of linear coefficient of thermal

expansion are
a) per ° C
b) per ° F
c) per ° K (Kelvin)
d) all of them

2) Stress concentrations become important in

design if
a) the material is brittle
b) the material is ductile but subjected to fatigue loading
c) the material is subjected to fatigue loadings to dynamic

loading
d) All of them

3) The principle of superposition is applicable to
a) inelastic axial deformation
b) residual stress evaluation
c) large deformation
d) None of the above

APPLICATIONS
Thermal Stress Stress Inelastic Axial
Concentration Deformation

THERMAL STRESS
• Ordinarily, the expansion or contraction δT is linearly

related to the temperature increase or decrease ΔT that
occurs.
T  TL
 = linear coefficient of thermal expansion, property of the material
T = algebraic change in temperature of the member
T = original length of the member
 T = algebraic change in length of the member
• If the change in temperature varies throughout the length of

the member, i.e. ΔT = ΔT (x), or if α varies along the length,
then
 T   T dx

EXAMPLE 1
The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three posts made of A-
36 steel and 2014-T6 aluminum. The posts each have a
length of 250 mm when no load is applied to the bar, and the
temperature is T1 = 20°C. Determine the force supported
by each post if the bar is subjected to a uniform distributed
load of 150 kN/m and the temperature is raised to T2 =
20°C.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• From the free-body diagram we have
   Fy  0;  
2Fst  Fal  90 103  0 (1)
• The top of each post is displaced by an equal amount and hence,
   st   al (2)
• Final position of the top of each post is equal to its displacement caused
by the temperature increase and internal axial compressive force.
   st   st T   st F
   al   al T   al F

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• Applying Eq. 2 gives
  st T   st F   st T   al F
• With reference from the material properties, we have
Fst 0.25 Fal 0.25

  
 12 10 6 80  200.25      
6
    
     
23 10 80 20 0.25
 0.022 200 109  0.032 73.1 109
 
Fst  1.216 Fal  165.9 103 (3)
• Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields
Fst  16.4 kN and Fal  123 kN (Ans)

STRESS CONCENTRATION
• The stress concentration factor K is a ratio of the

maximum stress to the average stress acting at the
smallest cross section; i.e.
 max
K
 avg

STRESS CONCENTRATION (cont.)
• K is independent of the material properties

• K depends only on the specimen’s geometry and the type
of discontinuity

INELASTIC AXIAL DEFORMATION
• When a material is stressed beyond the elastic range, it

starts to yield and thereby causes permanent deformation.
Among various inelastic behavior, the common cases
exhibit elastoplastic or elastic-perfectly-plastic behavior.

EXAMPLE 2
The bar in Fig. 4–29a is made of steel that is assumed to be
elastic perfectly plastic, with σY = 250 MPa. Determine (a) the
maximum value of the applied load P that can be applied
without causing the steel to yield and (b) the maximum value
of P that the bar can support. Sketch the stress distribution at
the critical section for each case.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• (a) Finding the stress concentration factor,
r 4 w 40
  0.125   1.25
h 40  8 h 40  8
• Using the table and geometry ratios, we get K = 1.7. We have
 max  K avg ;
 PY 
Y  K 
 
A
 
 
250 106  1.75

PY
  
 0.002 0.032 
PY  9.14 kN (Ans)

EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• b) As P is increased to the plastic load it gradually changes the stress
distribution from the elastic state to the plastic state.
Pp
Y 
A
  0.0020.032
250 10 6
Pp
Pp  16.0 kN (Ans)

RESIDUAL STRESS
• After an axially loaded member is stressed beyond yield

stress, it will create residual stress in the member when the
loads are removed.
• Consider the stress history of a prismatic member made
from an elastoplastic material.
• Path OA: Member is loaded to reach yield stress σY
• Path AC: Member deforms plastically
• Path CD: Unloading but permanent strain ε0 remains

EXAMPLE 3
The rod shown in Fig. 4–30a has a radius of 5 mm and is
made of an elastic perfectly plastic material for which σY =
420 MPa and E = 70 GPa, Fig. 4–30c. If a force of P = 60 kN
is applied to the rod and then removed, determine the
residual stress in the rod.

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• An elastic analysis will produce FA = 45kN and FB = 15kN. This results in
a stress of
 573 MPa compressio n    Y  420 MPa

45
 AC 
 0.005 2
 191 MPa tension 

15
 CB 
 0.0052
• The maximum possible force developed in AC is
FA Y   Y A  420103  0.0052   33.0 kN
• From the equilibrium of the rod,
FB  60  33  27.0 kN

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• The stress in each segment of the rod is therefore
 AC   Y  420 MPa compressio n 
 344 MPa tension   420 MPa (OK)

27
 CB 
 0.0052
• Since CB responds elastically,
C 
FB LCB

27 0.3  0.001474 m
AE 2
  
 0.005 70 10 6
 0.001474
 CB  C   0.004913
LCB 0.3
C 0.001474
 AC    0.01474
LAC 0.1

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• Here the yield strain is
Y420106 
Y    0.006
E 70109 
• The residual stress in each member is
 AC r  420  573  153 MPa (Ans)

 CB r  344  191  153 MPa (Ans)
• This residual stress is the same for

both segments, which is to be
expected.

CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The value of stress concentration factor

depends on the geometry. Which one of the
following is true?
a) Ka > Kb > Kc
b) Ka > Kb > Kd
c) A and B
d) None of the above

CONCEPT QUIZ (cont.)
2) The greatest load that the bar can sustain is
a) σ1.Afull
b) σY.Afull
c) σY.Afull
d) σY.Aa-a

MOM Chapter 04 New-Edited

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Chapter Objectives (Section 4.2 ~ 4.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1) The stress distributions at different cross

d) Saint Venant’s Principle

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2) The principle of superposition is valid

1. The loading is linearly related to the stress or displacement

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Most concrete columns are reinforced with steel rods; and

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The volume of a cone having a base of radius x and height y is

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The area of the cross section is also a function of position y,

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• It is applicable provided the material obeys Hooke’s Law

• If P = P1 + P2 and d ≈ d1 ≈ d2, then the deflection at

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• In this case, compatibility conditions at the constraint

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously, we get

• The stresses in the bolt and tube are therefore

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1) The assembly consists of two posts made

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1) The units of linear coefficient of thermal

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2) Stress concentrations become important in

a) the material is brittle

b) the material is ductile but subjected to fatigue loading

c) the material is subjected to fatigue loadings to dynamic

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3) The principle of superposition is applicable to

a) inelastic axial deformation

b) residual stress evaluation

d) None of the above

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Ordinarily, the expansion or contraction δT is linearly

• If the change in temperature varies throughout the length of

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The top of each post is displaced by an equal amount and hence,

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• With reference from the material properties, we have

Fst 0.25 Fal 0.25

• Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields

Fst  16.4 kN and Fal  123 kN (Ans)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd