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Complex Circuits
Time-dependent Currents
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Examples:
i1 i2 i3
iR i is the
magnitude of the
iR assumed current
through the
iR resistor
Vemf
Vemf
Vemf
Vemf
i
December 1, 2018 University Physics, Chapter 26 14
Single Loop Circuits (3)
Start at point a.
The first circuit component is a source of emf Vemf,1, which
produces a positive voltage gain of +Vemf,1
Next we find resistor R1, which produces a voltage drop V1
given by -iR1
Continuing around the circuit we find resistor R2, which
produces a voltage drop V2 given by -iR2
Next we meet a second source of emf, Vemf,2
This source of emf is wired into the circuit
with a polarity opposite that of Vemf,1
We treat this component as a voltage drop
of -Vemf,2 rather than a voltage gain
We now have completed the circuit
and we are back at point a
i
The first circuit element is Vemf,2 which is a positive
voltage gain
The next element is R2
i1 i2 i3
December 1, 2018 University Physics, Chapter 26 21
Multi-Loop Circuits (3)
R1 R2 R1 R3 R2 R3
R2Vemf ,1 ( R1 R2 )Vemf ,2
i3
R1 R2 R1 R3 R2 R3
dt R
The charge and current as a function of time are shown
here ( = RC)
In this case, current will flow in the circuit until the capacitor is
completely discharged
While the capacitor is discharging we can apply the Loop Rule
around the circuit and obtain
q dq q
iR VC iR 0 R 0
C dt C
December 1, 2018 University Physics, Chapter 26 33
Capacitor Discharging (2)
The solution of this differential equation for the
charge is t
q q0e RC
We need to know the time corresponding to
q t / q0 0.90
We can rearrange the equation for the charge on the
capacitor as a function of time to get
t
0.10 e RC
Math Reminder: ln(ex)=x
t RC ln(0.10) 11.5 ms
December 1, 2018 University Physics, Chapter 26 36
Example: RC Circuits (1)
A 15.0 k resistor and a capacitor are connected in
series and a 12 V battery is suddenly applied. The
potential difference across the capacitor rises to
5 V in 1.3 s.
Question:
What is the time constant of the circuit?
Answer:
t
t
V (t) Vemf 1 e
RC
Math reminder:
V 1.3 s 5 V 12 V 1 e
1.3 s / RC ln e x x
5 V 12 V / 12 V e
1.3 s / RC
ln 7 / 12 1.3 s / RC
RC 1.3 s / ln 7 / 12 2.41 s