EE 369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 14
Power Flow
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick

1
 Announcements
Homework 11 is 6.24, 6.26, 6.28, 6.30, 6.38,
6.42, 6.43, 6.46, 6.49, 6.50; due Tuesday
11/22. Note that HW is due on Tuesday
because Thanksgiving is on Thursday.

2
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example

T2
800 MVA
1 T1 5 4 345/15 kV 3 520 MW
Line 3
345 kV
50 mi
400 MVA 800 MVA
15 kV 15 kV
400 MVA 345 kV 40 Mvar 80 MW
Line 2

Line 1
345 kV
15/345 kV 100 mi 200 mi

2
280 MVAr 800 MW

Single-line diagram

3
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
|V| θ PG QG PL QL QGmax QGmin
Bus Type per degrees per per per per per per
unit unit unit unit unit unit unit
Table 1. 1 Slack 1.0 0   0 0  
Bus input
data 2 Load   0 0 8.0 2.8  
3 Constant 1.05  5.2  0.8 0.4 4.0 -2.8
voltage
4 Load   0 0 0 0  
5 Load   0 0 0 0  

Maximum
R X G B MVA
Table 2. Bus-to- per unit per unit per unit per unit per unit
Line input data Bus
2-4 0.0090 0.100 0 1.72 12.0
2-5 0.0045 0.050 0 0.88 12.0
4-5 0.00225 0.025 0 0.44 12.0
4
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example

Maximum
R X Gc Bm Maximum TAP
per per per per MVA Setting
Table 3. Bus-to- unit unit unit unit per unit per unit
Transformer Bus
input data
1-5 0.00150 0.02 0 0 6.0 —
3-4 0.00075 0.01 0 0 10.0 —

Bus Input Data Unknowns

1 |V1 |= 1.0, θ1 = 0 P1, Q1

2 P2 = PG2-PL2 = -8 |V2|, θ2
Table 4. Input data Q2 = QG2-QL2 = -2.8
and unknowns
3 |V3 |= 1.05 Q3, θ3
P3 = PG3-PL3 = 4.4
4 P4 = 0, Q4 = 0 |V4|, θ4
5 P5 = 0, Q5 = 0 |V5|, θ5
5
Let the Computer Do the Calculations!
(Ybus Shown)

6
 Selected Ybus Details
Entries of Ybus relating to elements connected to bus 2.
Note that resistances, inductive reactances, and admittances
come from Table 2; subscripts on them refer to line from-to.
Subscripts on Ybus correspond to entries of that matrix.

Y21  Y23  0
1 1
Y24    0.89276  j 9.91964 per unit
R24  jX 24 0.009  j 0.1

1 1
Y25    1.78552  j19.83932 per unit
R25  jX 25 0.0045  j 0.05

1 1 B B
Y22    j 24  j 25
R24  jX 24 R25  jX 25 2 2
1.72 0.88
 (0.89276  j 9.91964)  (1.78552  j19.83932)  j j
2 2
 2.67828  j 28.4590  28.5847  84.624 per unit 7
Here are the Initial Bus Mismatches

8
And the Initial Power Flow Jacobian

9
 Five Bus Power System Solved

One Five Four Three

A A

MVA MVA

395 MW A
520 MW
MVA

114 Mvar slack

337 Mvar

1.000 pu 0.974 pu A A
1.019 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.548 Deg MVA MVA
-2.834 Deg 40 Mvar
1.050 pu
-0.597 Deg

0.834 pu Two
-22.406 Deg

800 MW
280 Mvar

10
 Good Power System Operation
• Good power system operation requires that
there be no “reliability” violations (needing to
shed load, have cascading outages, or other
unacceptable conditions such as overloads past
capacity) for either the current condition or in
the event of statistically likely contingencies:
• Reliability requires as a minimum that there be no
transmission line/transformer capacity limit
violations and that bus voltages be within
acceptable limits (perhaps 0.95 to 1.08)
• Example contingencies are the loss of any single
device. This is known as n-1 reliability. 11
 Good Power System Operation
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation
now has legal authority to enforce reliability
standards (and there are now lots of them).
• See http://www.nerc.com for details (click on
Standards)
• Consider impact of line contingency on 37 bus
design example case.

12
37 Bus Example Design Case
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

2 2 0 MW
1 .0 3 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
5 2 M var
System Losses: 10.70 MW A A A

1 .0 2 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA

1 .0 2 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA

T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A MVA

1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .9 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
3 M var
MVA MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
5 8 MW A MVA

3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
1 2 MW
A

H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9

5 M var
A A

6 0 MW
MVA

1 9 M var
MVA MVA

1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 9 pu 1 4 .2 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69 A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
1 6 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
A M A NDA 6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A 0 .9 9 pu A A

MVA 2 5 MW MVA MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu 7 .4 M var
A
A

BLT 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA

A
1 5 MW
2 0 MW
MVA

H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A

2 5 M var A

1 .0 0 pu MVA

3 6 MW
MVA

A
A A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
3 M var
2 8 M var
MVA MVA MVA

1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

13
Looking at the Impact of Line Outages
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

2 2 7 MW
1 .0 3 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
4 3 M var
System Losses: 17.61 MW A A A

1 .0 2 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA

1 .0 2 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA

T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A MVA

1 .0 1 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 6 .0 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
3 M var
MVA MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 5 8 MW A MVA

Opening 3 9 MW 4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu
MVA
MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
1 2 MW
A

H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9

5 M var
A A

6 0 MW
MVA

one line 1 9 M var

MVA MVA

1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 0 pu 1 1 .6 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW

(Tim69- KYLE69 A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
1 6 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW

Hannah69)
A A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
A M A NDA 6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A 0 .9 0 pu A A

110% 2 5 MW MVA MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

causes
MVA
H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu 7 .3 M var
A
A

BLT 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
1 5 MW
2 0 MW 135%
MVA

H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var

overloads. A
3 M var
0 .9 4 pu
MVA

A
3 6 MW
A

MVA
A
3 2 M var A

MVA
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .2 M var MVA A

This would
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var

not be 1 .0 1 pu

2 0 MW
A
LA UF6 9
A

80%
2 3 MW
6 M var
2 2 MW
1 5 M var
1 0 MW
5 M var
1 4 MW
3 M var
2 M var

4 0 M var
MVA MVA
MVA

acceptable 0 .9 9 pu
LA UF1 3 8

A
1 .0 0 pu BUC KY 1 3 8
1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 6 9
A

MVA
1 .0 2 pu
3 8 MW
9 M var
JO 1 3 8

A
JO 3 4 5

under NERC MVA

A

MVA
1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 A

MVA
MVA
1 5 0 MW
4 M var

1 5 0 MW

standards. 4 M var
A

MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

14
Contingency Analysis
Contingency
analysis provides
an automatic
way of looking
at all the
contingencies in
a specified
“contingency set.”
In this example the
contingency set
is all the single
line/transformer
outages

15
 Power Flow And Design
• One common usage of the power flow is to
determine how the system should be modified
to remove contingencies problems or serve new
load
• In an operational context this requires working with
the existing electric grid, typically involving re-
dispatch of generation.
• In a planning context additions to the grid can be
considered as well as re-dispatch.
• In the next example we look at how to add a
new line in order to remove the existing
contingency violations while serving new load. 16
 An Unreliable Solution:
some line outages result in overloads Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

2 6 9 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
6 7 M var
System Losses: 14.49 MW A A A

Case now 1 .0 2 pu

A
T IM 3 4 5
A
MVA

1 .0 1 pu
MVA

RA Y 1 3 8
SLA C K1 3 8 MVA

A
1 .0 3 pu

has nine
MVA MVA

T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A MVA

0 .9 9 pu 1 .0 2 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .9 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW

separate 1 .0 2 pu
MVA
MVA

T IM 6 9
A
1 .0 1 pu
P A I6 9

1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9
A

MVA

A
1 7 MW
3 M var
A

MVA
1 3 M var

contingencies A
2 3 MW
7 M var
A
MVA

H ISKY 6 9
A

MVA

P ET E6 9
MVA
FERNA 6 9
1 2 MW
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9

A
MVA A MVA

having 4 .9 M var
A

M O RO 1 3 8 96% 5 8 MW A MVA
MVA
3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
1 2 MW
A

H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9

reliability 5 M var
A A

6 0 MW
MVA

1 9 M var
MVA MVA

1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 7 pu 1 3 .6 M var UIUC 6 9

violations
MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69 A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
1 6 MW

(overloads in
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
0 .9 7 pu

post-contingency
A A A

MVA 2 5 MW MVA MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu 7 .4 M var
A
A

A M A NDA 6 9 BLT 6 9 MVA

A
1 .0 1 pu

system).
MVA

A
1 5 MW
2 0 MW
MVA

H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A

2 8 M var A

0 .9 9 pu MVA

3 6 MW
MVA

A
A A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
3 M var
4 0 M var
MVA MVA MVA

1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
4 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
1 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW
A
1 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

17
 A Reliable Solution:
no line outages result in overloads
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

2 6 6 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
5 9 M var
System Losses: 11.66 MW A A A

1 .0 2 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA

1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA

T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A MVA

1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .8 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW

Previous 1 .0 2 pu
MVA
MVA

T IM 6 9
A
1 .0 1 pu
P A I6 9

1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9
A

MVA

A
1 7 MW
3 M var
A

MVA
1 3 M var

case was A
2 3 MW
7 M var
A
MVA

H ISKY 6 9
A

MVA

P ET E6 9
MVA
FERNA 6 9
1 2 MW
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9

A
MVA MVA

augmented
A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
5 8 MW A MVA

3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
1 2 MW
A

H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9

with the 5 M var

A A

6 0 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
1 9 M var
Kyle138 2 0 MW
0 .9 9 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 9 pu 1 4 .1 M var UIUC 6 9

addition of a
MVA
A
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
M VA

KYLE69 A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
1 6 MW

138 kV
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
0 .9 9 pu

Transmission
A A A

MVA 2 5 MW MVA MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu 7 .4 M var
A
A

A M A NDA 6 9 BLT 6 9 MVA

A
1 .0 1 pu MVA

Line 2 0 MW
3 M var
1 .0 0 pu
A

MVA H A LE6 9
MVA

MVA
5 5 MW
2 9 M var A
1 5 MW
5 M var

MVA

A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
3 M var
3 8 M var
MVA MVA MVA

1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
4 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
1 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW
A
1 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

18
Generation Changes and The Slack
Bus
• The power flow is a steady-state analysis tool,
so the assumption is total load plus losses is
always equal to total generation
• Generation mismatch is made up at the slack bus
• When doing generation change power flow
studies one always needs to be cognizant of
where the generation is being made up
• Common options include “distributed slack,” where
the mismatch is distributed across multiple
generators by participation factors or by economics.
19
 Generation Change Example 1
A
SLA C K3 4 5

Display shows
MVA
A

Slack bus
MVA

1 6 2 MW
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 3 4 5

“Difference 0 .0 0 pu
A A

SLA C K1 3 8
A
sla ck
3 5 M var

T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA

Flows” A

MVA
T IM 1 3 8
A

MVA
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A
0 .0 0 pu
0 .0 0 pu 0 MW
A MVA

between A

MVA
A

MVA
0 M var
-0 .1 M var 0 MW
0 M var
-0 .0 1 pu
MVA

RA Y 6 9
0 .0 0 pu

0 MW
A
0 MW A

0 .0 0 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 0 M var

original A
0 MW
0 M var
MVA
A
0 .0 0 pu
0 .0 0 pu GRO SS6 9
MVA

A
0 M var MVA

MVA
FERNA 6 9

37 bus case,
A
MVA 0 .0 0 pu WO LEN6 9
A 0 MW
M O RO 1 3 8
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
0 M var
MVA A
A
-0 .1 M var

and case with 0 MW

0 M var
MVA

0 MW
0 M var A

P ET E6 9
DEM A R6 9
-0 .0 1 pu
-0 .0 3 pu BO B1 3 8 A
A

MVA
MVA

0 .0 0 pu
MVA A A

a BLT138 H A NNA H 6 9 0 MW
MVA

0 MW 0 M var
MVA MVA

0 MW
0 M var
A
0 .0 0 pu BO B6 9
0 M var
-0 .2 M var

generation UIUC 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
MVA

-0 .1 M var
0 .0 0 pu -1 5 7 M W 0 MW
-0 .1 M var
A

-4 5 M var
A
MVA 0 M var LY NN1 3 8
0 MW

outage;
A
MVA
A 0 M var
MVA
A
0 MW A
0 MW
-0 .0 0 2 pu
MVA
BLT 1 3 8
0 M var MVA -0 .0 3 pu MVA 0 M var

note all the 0 .0 0 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A

A
A
SH IM KO 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
H O M ER6 9 0 MW
MVA

0 .0 M var
MVA A
MVA
0 M var 0 .0 0 pu A

BLT 6 9 MVA
-0 .0 1 pu

power change
A
MVA

0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 M var H A LE6 9 A 0 MW 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
MVA
5 1 M var
A

is picked
MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 M var 0 .0 M var MVA A
A

MVA
0 M var
0 .0 0 pu 0 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var

up at the slack
MVA
A

0 MW 0 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 M var 0 MW A

0 MW 0 M var 0 M var
0 M var
4 M var MVA MVA MVA

0 .0 0 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 6 9 0 MW
0 .0 0 pu
3 M var
0 .0 0 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

0 MW
MVA 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
2 M var
MVA MVA

0 MW
A
2 M var
MVA
0 .0 0 pu
0 .0 0 pu A

MVA

20
 Generation Change Example 2
A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

0 MW
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
3 7 M var
A A A

0 .0 0 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA

-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
0 .0 0 pu
MVA
T IM 1 3 8
MVA

0 .0 0 pu 0 MW
A MVA

0 .0 0 pu
0 M var
-0 .1 M var 0 MW
A MVA
A
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 0 M var 0 MW
A
0 MW A

0 .0 0 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu MVA 0 M var MVA
A

0 MW 0 .0 0 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A
0 M var
MVA

A
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA 0 .0 0 pu WO LEN6 9
A 0 MW
M O RO 1 3 8
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
0 M var
MVA A
A
0 .0 M var
0 MW MVA
A MVA

0 M var 0 MW 0 .0 0 pu
MVA
0 M var A
-0 .0 3 pu BO B1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A

DEM A R6 9
0 .0 0 pu
MVA A A

H A NNA H 6 9 0 MW
MVA

0 MW 0 M var
MVA MVA

0 MW
0 M var
A
0 .0 0 pu BO B6 9
0 M var
-0 .2 M var
UIUC 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
MVA

-0 .1 M var
0 .0 0 pu -1 5 7 M W 0 MW
-0 .1 M var
A

-4 5 M var
A
MVA 0 M var LY NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA
A 0 M var
MVA
A
0 MW A
0 MW
-0 .0 0 3 pu
MVA
BLT 1 3 8
0 M var MVA -0 .0 3 pu MVA 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A

A
SH IM KO 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
H O M ER6 9 0 MW
MVA

-0 .1 M var
MVA A
MVA
0 M var -0 .0 1 pu A

BLT 6 9 MVA
A -0 .0 1 pu MVA

0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 M var H A LE6 9 A 1 9 MW 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
MVA
5 1 M var
A

MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 M var 0 .0 M var MVA A
A

MVA
0 M var
0 .0 0 pu 0 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

0 MW 0 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 M var 0 MW A

9 9 MW 0 M var 0 M var
0 M var
-2 0 M var MVA MVA MVA

0 .0 0 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 6 9 4 2 MW
0 .0 0 pu
-1 4 M var
0 .0 0 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

0 MW
MVA 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA

0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
0 .0 0 pu
0 .0 0 pu A

Display repeats previous case except now the change in MVA

generation is picked up by other generators using a

“participation factor” (change is shared amongst generators) approach.
21
Voltage Regulation Example: 37 Buses
Automatic voltage regulation system controls voltages.

A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

2 1 9 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
5 2 M var
System Losses: 11.51 MW A A A
sla ck

1 .0 2 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA

1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A
A

MVA
A
1 .0 3 pu
T IM 1 3 8
MVA
MVA
1 .0 0 pu 3 3 MW A

1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var
1 5 .9 M var 1 8 MW
A MVA
A
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 5 M var 3 7 MW
A
1 7 MW A

1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
A

2 3 MW 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A
7 M var
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
2 1 MW
M O RO 1 3 8
A
MVA

MVA
H ISKY 6 9 7 M var
A
A
4 .8 M var
1 2 MW MVA
A MVA

5 M var 2 0 MW 1 .0 0 pu MVA
8 M var A
1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A

MVA DEM A R6 9
1 .0 0 pu A A
MVA
H A NNA H 6 9 5 8 MW
MVA MVA
5 1 MW 4 0 M var
4 5 MW
1 5 M var A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
2 9 .0 M var
UIUC 6 9 0 .9 9 pu
MVA

1 4 .3 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 5 7 MW 5 6 MW
1 2 .8 M var A

4 5 M var
A
MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA
0 M var
A
A
MVA A
MVA
MVA 5 8 MW A
1 4 MW
0 .9 9 7 pu BLT 1 3 8 MVA
3 6 M var MVA 1 .0 0 pu 4 M var
0 .9 9 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A

A
3 3 MW SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu
H O M ER6 9
MVA
MVA A
MVA
1 0 M var 0.0 Mvar 1 .0 1 pu
BLT 6 9
7 .4 M var
MVA
A 1 .0 1 pu
1 5 MW
3 M var
A

MVA
H A LE6 9
MVA

A 9 2 MW 1.010 pu 1 5 MW
5 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 0 M var
MVA
A

A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .2 M var MVA
MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

2 0 .8 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 0 M var
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
9 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

Display shows voltage contour of the power system

22
 Real-sized Power Flow Cases
• Real power flow studies are usually done with
cases with many thousands of buses
• Outside of ERCOT, buses are usually grouped into
various balancing authority areas, with each area
doing its own interchange control.
• Cases also model a variety of different
automatic control devices, such as generator
reactive power limits, load tap changing
transformers, phase shifting transformers,
switched capacitors, HVDC transmission lines,
and (potentially) FACTS devices. 23
Sparse Matrices and Large Systems
• Since for realistic power systems the model sizes
are quite large, this means the Ybus and Jacobian
matrices are also large.
• However, most elements in these matrices are
zero, therefore special techniques, sparse
matrix/vector methods, are used to store the
values and solve the power flow:
• Without these techniques large systems would be
essentially unsolvable.

24
 Eastern Interconnect Example
VIK 138
BIG BEN D

WH TWTR3
EEN 138 ST RITA

WH TWTR4 M UKWO N GO
SUN 138
TRIPP
WH TWTR5
UN IVRSTY
Raci ne
JAN 138

SGR CK4

LBT 138 UN IV N EU
SGR CK5

LAN 138 BRLGTN 2 SO M ERS

ALB 138

RO R 138

N LK GV T
BRLGTN 1
ALBERS-2
Paddock
PO T 138 N O M 138 M RE 138 PARIS WE BAIN 4
TICH IGN
H LM 138

D AR 138 WIB 138

N LG 138
N ED 138

N WT 138 Pl easant Prai ri e

N ED 161 Kenosha
LIBERTY5
TRK RIV5 BCH 138 WBT 138
ELK 138
CASVILL5 BLK 138 LAKEVIEW
CO R 138 D IK 138

LEN A ; B LEN A ; R
8TH ST. 5 Zi on
Ant i och Zi on (138 kV)

Rockford
LO RE 5

ELERO ; BT ELERO ; RT
ASBURY 5 Wempl eton M cHenr y
SO . GVW. 5 PECAT; B G ur nee
Round Lake
CN TRGRV5 Waukegan
LAN CA; R
JULIAN 5 SALEM N 5

H arl em Bel vi dere M arengo Woodstock Wi l son

Sal em FREEP; Roscoe

P Val Lakehur st
GALEN A 5 Cr yst al Lake
Sand Park
Pi erpont
Li ber t yvi l l e Li ber t yvi l l e
Si l ver Lake 345 kV 138 kV Nor t h Chi cago
B465 Hunt l ey
FO RD A; R
Al gonqui n
S PEC; R E. Rockf ord
U. S. N Tr ai ni ng
Al pi ne Abbot t Labs Par k
Lest hon
Charl es

B427 ; 1T
Sabrooke
Apt aki si c
Cherry Val l ey
O l d El m
Lake Zur i ch

Buf f al o G r oove

Bar r i ngt on

Bl aw khaw k Wheel i ng
Deer f i el d
Pal at i ne
SAVAN N A5 D undee Pr ospect Hei ght s

Ar l i ngt on Pr ospect Nor t hbr ook

M Q O KETA5 STILL; RT Hof f m an Est at es Hei ght s

WYO M IN G5
C434
M ount Pr ospect
Tol l w ay
M T VERN 5 Schaum ber g El m w ood
PCI 5
Byron
Hanover S. Schaum ber g G ol f M i l l
Busse
Landm
BERTRAM 5
Spaul di ng Skoki e
Bar t l et t
El gi n Des Pl ai nes Evanst on
Tonne
YO RK 5 Ni l es

M ARYL; B How ar d Devon

Sout h El gi n Wayne Des Pl ai nes Hi ggi ns
I t asca
Al t G E Rose Hi l l
Nor di
G l endal e Nor t hr i dge M i chi gan Ci ty
West Chi cago
W407 ( Fer m i ) Addi son Nat om a Nor t hw est
-0. 40 deg
LEECO ; BP H 445 ; 3B W. De Kal b G l i dden Chur ch -13. 4 deg
Fr ankl i n Par k -13. 3 deg
H 440 ; R
Aur or a El m hur st 2. 35 deg Dr i ver
Lom bar d Rockw el l
GR M N D 5 G al ew ood Cl ybour n
O ak Par k
Rock Crk. ALBAN Y 6
E CALM S5 Sugar Grove G l en El l yn Ber kel ey
M EN D O ; T O akbr ook Congr ess Cr osby
GARD E; D IXO N ; BT Wat er m an N Aurora
BVR CH 65 BVR CH 5 O hi o Ki ngsbur y
D EWITT 5 ALBAN Y 5 But t e
H 71 ; BT Bel l w ood Cl i nt
H 440 ; RT STEWA; B El ect r i c Junct i on Yor k Cent er
H 71 ; B Y450 Jef f erson
D ekov Tayl or
La G r ange
H 71 ; R STERL; B Ri dgel and Uni versi ty
Li sl e D unacr
H -471 (N W Steel ) M cCook Lasal l e
Fi sk
D799 Washi ngton Park
Craw f ord -1. 1 deg
War r envi l l e D775 State Garf i el d H arbor
D ow ners Groove
Frontenac
Woodri dge Saw yer Q uarry
Wol f Creek Ford Ci ty 0. 6 deg
Q uad Ci ti es Cl earni ng
W600 ( Naper vi l l e)
N el son Wi l l ow Cal umet Chi ave
M ECCO RD 3 W604 H ayf ord 1. 9 deg Babcock
O sw ego Bedf ord Park D amen
Sandw i ch Bur r Ri dge State Li ne
Sayre Wal l ace
Sub 91 W601 W603 Ri ver Shef i el d
Pl ano J307 Evergreen
CO RD O ; N ELSO ; R Bri dgevi ew
M ontgomery Bol i ngbrook Al si p
Z-494
W602
Wi l l Co. Roberts Beverl y
R FAL; B R FAL; R Z-715 Lake George
N ELSO ; RT W507 Romeo G394 G3851 Z-100 Tow er Rd
SB 79 5 Pal os O rl an
SB 49 5 H egew i sch M unster
SBH YC5 G3852
Archer Crestw ood Wi l dw ood Z-524
SB UIC 5 M endota Pl ai nf i el d Burnham
SB 74 5
D avenport SB 90 5 SB 17 5 Lockport
J-332 Bl ue Isl and
Wal cott SUB 77 5 Bel l Road Goodi ngs Grove
Sub 92 SB 71 5
D AVN PRT5 Green Lake
N O RM A; R N O RM A; B
SB 78 5 Kenda Green Acres
H i l l crest Rockdal e J322 Ti nl ey Park
SB 76 5 South H ol l and Sand Ri dge
SB 89 5
SB 88 5 Jo456 H arvey
J323
Shore Jol i et Lansi ng
IPSCO 3 SB 58 5 J370
SB JIC 5 SB 70 5 Gl enw ood
IPSCO 5 F-503 Chi cago H ei ghts
Bri gg
SB A 5 J-371 M oken
J-326 F-575
East Frankf ort
J-390 Frankf ort Country Cl ub H i l l s
SB 52 5 SB 28 5 J-375 El w ood
N Len M atteson Park Forest
PRIN C TP J-339 Bl oom
SB 48 5 SB 47 5 SB 31T 5 U. Park Woodhi l l
J-305 St. John

SB 53 5 PRIN CTN Upnor

SB 85 5 LTV STL Goose Lake
E M O LIN E KEWAN IP
Col l i ns
LTV TP E Wi l ton Center Crete
LTV TP N D resden
East M ol i ne M ason
KEWAN ; ESK TAP Schahf er

SB 18 5
SB 43 5
S ST TAP
B B

105%
93%
H EN N E; T
H EN N EPIN
SB 112 5 Kendra
1556A TP
O TTAWA T
MVA MVA N LASAL

O GLES; T O GLESBY La Sal l e

Lasal l e M arsei l l es
O GLSBY M Wi l mi ngton
K-319 # 1
Loui sa

D avi s Creek K-319 # 2

KPECKTP5

WEST 5 Bradl ey

SO . SUB 5 Streator
Br ai dw ood

9 SUB 5
H WY61 5

M IN O N K T

GALESBR5

Kankakee
GALESBRG

RICH LAN D
N EWPO RT5
M O N M O UTH

SPN G BAY

Ponti ac M i dpoi nt

D equi ne
M PWSPLIT

H ALLO CK
ELPASO T

Peoria
WATSEKA 17GO D LN D

GILM AN

FARGO
CAT M O SS

RSW EAST
RAD N O R

CAT SUB1

PIO N EERC E PEO RIA

Example, which models the Eastern Interconnect

CAT TAP

contains about 43,000 buses. 25

Solution Log for 1200 MW Outage
In this example the
losss of a 1200 MW
generator in Northern
Illinois was simulated.
This caused
a generation imbalance
in the associated
balancing authority
area, which was
corrected by a
redispatch of local
generation.

26
 Interconnected Operation
Power systems are interconnected across
large distances.
For example most of North America east of
the Rockies is one system, most of North
America west of the Rockies is another.
Most of Texas and Quebec are each
interconnected systems.

27
 Balancing Authority Areas
A “balancing authority area” (previously called a
“control area”) has traditionally represented the
portion of the interconnected electric grid
operated by a single utility or transmission
entity.
Transmission lines that join two areas are known
as tie-lines.
The net power out of an area is the sum of the
flow on its tie-lines.
The flow out of an area is equal to
total gen - total load - total losses = tie-line flow
28
 Area Control Error (ACE)
The area control error is a combination of:
the deviation of frequency from nominal, and
the difference between the actual flow out of an
area and the scheduled (agreed) flow.
That is, the area control error (ACE) is the
difference between the actual flow out of an
area minus the scheduled flow, plus a
frequency deviation component:
ACE  Pactual tie-line flow  Psched  10f
ACE provides a measure of whether an area is
producing more or less than it should to
satisfy schedules and to contribute to
controlling frequency. 29
 Area Control Error (ACE)
The ideal is for ACE to be zero.
Because the load is constantly changing,
each area must constantly change its
generation to drive the ACE towards zero.
For ERCOT, the historical ten control areas
were amalgamated into one in 2001, so the
actual and scheduled interchange are
essentially the same (both small compared
to total demand in ERCOT).
In ERCOT, ACE is predominantly due to
frequency deviations from nominal since
there is very little scheduled flow to or from
other areas outside of ERCOT. 30
 Automatic Generation Control
Most systems use automatic generation
control (AGC) to automatically change
generation to keep their ACE close to zero.
Usually the control center (either ISO or
utility) calculates ACE based upon tie-line
flows and frequency; then the AGC module
sends control signals out to the generators
every four seconds or so.

31
 Power Transactions
Power transactions are contracts between
generators and (representatives of) loads.
Contracts can be for any amount of time at
any price for any amount of power.
Scheduled power transactions between
balancing areas are called “interchange” and
implemented by setting the value of Psched
used in the ACE calculation:
ACE = Pactual tie-line flow – Psched + 10β Δf
…and then controlling the generation to bring
ACE towards zero. 32
 “Physical” power Transactions
• For ERCOT, interchange is only relevant over
asynchronous connections between ERCOT
and Eastern Interconnection or Mexico.
• In Eastern and Western Interconnection,
interchange occurs between areas connected
by AC lines.

33
 Three Bus Case on AGC:
no interchange.
-40 MW 40 MW
Bus 2 8 MVR -8 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
266 MW
133 MVR
1.00 PU
101 MW
5 MVR

-77 MW -39 MW
150 MW AGC ON
25 MVR 12 MVR 100 MW
166 MVR AVR ON
78 MW 39 MW
-21 MVR -11 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
133 MW
Generation 67 MVR
250 MW AGC ON
is automatically 34 MVR AVR ON

changed to match Net tie-line flow is

change in load close to zero
34
 100 MW Transaction between
areas in Eastern or Western
8 MW -8 MW
Bus 2 -2 MVR 2 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
225 MW
113 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
32 MVR

-84 MW -92 MW
150 MW AGC ON
27 MVR 30 MVR 100 MW
138 MVR AVR ON
85 MW 93 MW
-23 MVR -25 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
113 MW
Scheduled Transactions 56 MVR
100.0 MW 291 MW AGC ON
8 MVR AVR ON
Scheduled Net tie-line
100 MW flow is now
Transaction from Left to Right 100 MW
35
 PTDFs
Power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs)
show the linearized impact of a transfer of
power.
PTDFs can be estimated using the fast
decoupled power flow B matrix:
θ  B 1P
Once we know θ we can derive the change in
the transmission line flows to evaluate PTDFs.
Note that we can modify several elements in P,
in proportion to how the specified generators would
participate in the power transfer. 36
 Nine Bus PTDF Example
Figure shows initial flows for a nine bus power system

300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW

A B 250.0 MW D

10% 71%
71.1 MW C
60% 57%
92% 0.00 deg 64%
55%
11%

G F E
150.0 MW

74% 250.0 MW 250.0 MW 44% 32%

24%
H I

200.0 MW
150.0 MW

37
Nine Bus PTDF Example, cont'd
Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows for a change in transaction from A to I

300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW

A B 250.0 MW D

43% 30%
71.1 MW C
57% 10%
13% 0.00 deg 20%
35%
2%

G F E
150.0 MW

34% 250.0 MW 250.0 MW 34% 32%

34%
H I

200.0 MW
150.0 MW

38
Nine Bus PTDF Example, cont'd
Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows for a change in transaction from G to F

300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW

A B 250.0 MW D

6% 18%
71.1 MW C
6% 6%
12% 0.00 deg 12%
61%
19%

G F E
150.0 MW

21% 250.0 MW 250.0 MW 20%

21%
H I

200.0 MW
150.0 MW

39
WE to TVA PTDFs

40
 Line Outage Distribution Factors
(LODFs)
• LODFs are used to approximate the change in
the flow on one line caused by the outage of a
second line
– typically they are only used to determine the
change in the MW flow compared to the pre-
contingency flow if a contingency were to occur,
– LODFs are used extensively in real-time operations,
– LODFs are approximately independent of flows but
do depend on the assumed network topology.

41
Line Outage Distribution Factors
(LODFs)
Pl  change in flow on line l ,
due to outage of line k .
Pk  pre-contingency flow on line k
Pl  LODFl ,k Pk ,
Estimates change in flow on line l
if outage on line k were to occur.
42
 Line Outage Distribution Factors
(LODFs)
If line k initially had Pk  100 MW of flow on it,
and line l initially had Pl  50 MW flow on it,
and then there was an outage of line k ,
if LODFl ,k =0.1 then the increase in flow
on line l after a contingency of line k would be:
Pl  LODFl ,k Pk  0.1  100  10 MW
from 50 MW to 60 MW. 43
 Flowgates
• The real-time loading of the power grid can be
assessed via “flowgates.”
• A flowgate “flow” is the real power flow on
one or more transmission elements for either
base case conditions or a single contingency
– Flows in the event of a contingency are
approximated in terms of pre-contingency flows
using LODFs.
• Elements are chosen so that total flow has a
relation to an underlying physical limit. 44
 Flowgates
• Limits due to voltage or stability limits are
often represented by effective flowgate limits,
which are acting as “proxies” for these other
types of limits.
• Flowgate limits are also often used to
represent thermal constraints on corridors of
multiple lines between zones or areas.
• The inter-zonal constraints that were used in
ERCOT until December 2010 are flowgates
that represent inter-zonal corridors of lines.45