16/17 Semester

Petroleum and Gas

Processing(TKK-2136)

Instructor: Rama Oktavian

Email: Oktavian.rama2@gmail.com
Office Hr.: M.10-15, Tu. 08-12, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11
 Outlines

1. Crude oil: Introduction and sources

2. Crude oil: Properties

3. The overview of refinery process

4. Crude oil products uses

 Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil??

Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons. The exact composition

depends upon where the oil comes from but typically it contains a lot of big
molecules

Fuel gas Petrol

Naphtha Kerosine
Diesel Fuel Oil and bitumen
 Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition

Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons. The exact

composition depends upon where the oil comes from but typically it
contains a lot of big molecules

Crude oil is composed of the following groups:

1. Hydrocarbon compounds

2. Non-hydrocarbon compounds

3. Organometallic compound and inorganic salt (metallic compound)

The most common metal impurities found in crude oils are nickel,
vanadium, and sodium
 Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition
 Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition
 Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition

Paraffins
 Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition

Aromatics and napthenes

 Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition

Olefins
 Crude oil: Introduction
Type of crude oil
 The overview of refinery process
Oil refinery process history in Indonesia

1950 - The Indonesia government authority began to inventory the sources

of state revenue, including oil and gas

1960 - PT PERMINA was restructured into a state-owned company known

as PN PERMINA

1970 - the Indonesian government issued Law No. 8/ 1971, which

positioned Pertamina as the only state owned enterprise tasked with
managing the oil and gas business
 The overview of refinery process
Oil refinery process history in Indonesia
 The overview of refinery process
PT. Pertamina refinery

Pertamina also has 2 (two) operating companies i.e. PT Arun LNG

operating LNG plant in Arun (12.5Mton per year) and PT Badak
LNG operating LNG plant in Bontang (22.5 Mton per year).
 The overview of refinery process
Oil reserves in Indonesia
 The overview of refinery process
Oil reserves in Indonesia
 The overview of refinery process
Oil reserves in Indonesia
 The overview of refinery process
Business process
 Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil properties
 Crude oil: Introduction
Crude assay

a compilation of laboratory and pilot plant data that define the

properties of the specific crude oil

At minimum, it should contain distillation curve and specific

gravity curve
 Crude oil: Properties
The true boiling point (TBP)
D.S. Jones, P.R. Pujady, Handbook of Petroleum
Processing, pp. 21

The true boiling point curve

a plot of the boiling points of

almost pure components,
contained in the crude oil or
fractions of the crude oil
 Crude oil: Properties
API Gravity

an expression of the density of an oil

refers to density at 60◦F (15.6◦C)

relationship with specific gravity

 Crude oil: Properties
API Gravity
 Crude oil: Properties
Flash point

the temperature at which the vapor above the oil will

momentarily flash or explode.

Testing using ASTM Standards Part 7, Petroleum products and Lubricants

ASTM D1711, D09 and D1695

Octane number
a measure of a gasoline’s resistance to knock or detonation in
a cylinder of a gasoline engine

that percentage of isooctane in a blend of isooctane and normal heptane

that exactly matches the knock behavior of the gasoline
 Crude oil: Properties
Cloud point

The temperature at which the oil becomes hazy or cloudy

Pour point

The temperature at which the oil ceases to flow altogether determined by

ASTM D97
Cut point

The temperature on the whole crude TBP curve that represents the limits
(upper and lower) of a fraction to be produced

End point

The actual terminal temperatures of a fraction produced commercially

Crude oil: Properties
Crude oil: Properties
 Crude oil: Properties
Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation
 Crude oil: Properties
Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation
 Crude oil: Properties
Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation
 Crude oil: Properties
Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation
 Crude oil: Properties
Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation

Convert this using TBP and Daubert method

 Crude oil: Properties
Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-components
 Crude oil: Properties
Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-components
 Crude oil: Properties
Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-components
 Crude oil: Properties
Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-components

Cut into 20 Pseudo-components

 The overview of refinery process
Block diagram
 The overview of refinery process
Crude distillation unit (CDU)

1. Atmospheric crude distillation unit

2. Vacuum distillation unit
Atmospheric Crude distillation unit (CDU)
- Process objectives:
To distill and separate valuable distillates (naphtha, kerosene,
diesel) and atmospheric gas oil (AGO) from the crude feedstock.
- Process steps:
1. Preheat the crude feed utilizing recovered heat from the product
Streams
2. Desalt and dehydrate the crude using electrostatic enhanced
liquid/liquid separation (Desalter)
3. Heat the crude to the desired temperature using fired heaters
4. Flash the crude in the atmospheric distillation column
5. Utilize pump around cooling loops to create internal liquid reflux
6. Product draws are on the top, sides, and bottom
 The overview of refinery process
Atmospheric Crude distillation unit (CDU)

- Typical product:
 The overview of refinery process
Atmospheric Crude distillation unit (CDU)
 The overview of refinery process
Vacuum Crude distillation unit (CDU)

- Process objectives:
To recover valuable gas oils from reduced crude via vacuum
distillation

- Process steps:
1. Heat the reduced crude to the desired temperature using fired
Heaters
2. Flash the reduced crude in the vacuum distillation column
3. Utilize pumparound cooling loops to create internal liquid reflux
4. Product draws are on the top, sides, and bottom
 The overview of refinery process
Vacuum Crude distillation unit (CDU)

- Typical product:
 The overview of refinery process
Vacuum Crude distillation unit (CDU)
 Oil refinery products list
Products
 Oil refinery products list
Products

- Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics

- Naphtha or Ligroin - intermediate that will be further processed to
make gasoline
- Gasoline - motor fuel
- Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for
making other products
- Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil;
starting material for making other products
- Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants
- Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for
making other products
- Residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making
other products
 Oil refinery products list
Products

Cylinder of LPG Sample of Sample of Sample of

gasoline kerosene diesel fuel