Activity #5:Did you know?

 Sanitation and it’s facilities can affect

the transmission diseases. Food and
water can be contaminated because of
poor sanitation. Pollution also plays
major role in disease transmission as
evidenced by floods during the rainy
seasons. These floods are the culprits
in the spread of leptospirosis. In
addition, climate takes its role as an
environmental factor. Our country has
dry and wet seasons when various
microorganisms can cause morbidity in
both seasons.
 Culturalpractices influence disease
transmission. There are some places in the
cordilleras where people drink wine from one
glass after a tiring day of planting. I
experienced similar practice observed by the
Ilocanos and that is washing the hands in one
basin before eating. Another way of
transmitting disease is through living
arrangements where a group of people live
near their livestock.
 Bacteria
 Are one-celled microscopic organism that
rank among the most widespread of living
things. Some are small that a single grain of
soil may contain over 100 million of them.
 In order to live, all bacteria must have a food
supply, as well as suitable temperature,
moisture, and darkness. Some bacteria digest
non-living food materials such as milk and
meat..
 These organism are called saprophytes. If the
food supply is living plant or animal, the
microorganism is called parasite. The plant
or animal that the parasite feeds on is called
a host.
• toxin bacteria
Produce a certain food poison called
botulism. These bacteria live in the soil. Once
they enter the body through a wound, they can
cause tetanus or lockjaw. Other bacteria cause
pneumonia.
• resident bacteria
Live in the human mouth, intestines,
and skin. These help protect us from harmful
bacteria. Lactobacilli, found in the gastro-
intestinal tract, produce lactic acid from
simple carbohydrates. coliform bacilli, found
in intestines, help break down carbohydrates
and combat disease-causing bacteria.
 Areorganisms that are considered
intermediate, that is, somewhere between a
virus and a bacterium. Most of them grow in
the intestinal tracts of insects, which carry
them to their human hosts. Rickettsia
requires living cells in order to grow and
multiply. Blood sucking insects, such as lice,
mites, and ticks carry rickettsiae to humans.
 Aresmall, simple life-like forms from one-
half to 100 the size of a bacteria. These
organisms are the human body’s worst
enemies. There are viruses that invade
animals and viruses that attack specific types
of cells. Examples are rabies virus that
enters the brain cells and polio virus which
attacks the nervous system. Cold virus enters
the respiratory system. Viral hepatitis is
caused by virus that affects the liver. Mumps
and mononucleosis are caused by viruses that
infect glandular tissues.
 Small pox, chicken pox, shingles, and warts
are infections caused by viruses that attack
the skin tissues. When a virus enters the
body, it attaches itself to a cell and releases
its nucleic acid into the host cell.
 Fungi
 Are simple organisms that cannot make their
own food. Many live on dead animals, insects,
and leaves. Fungi are therefore saprophytes.
They prefer dark, damp environments. Two of
the most common fungi are yeast and
mushrooms.
 Disease-producing fungi invade mainly deep
tissues of the hair, nails, and skin. Fungi cause
infections of the scalp, such as ring worm, and of
the feet, such as athlete’s foot. Pathogenic fungi
can also cause brain inflammation and serious
lung infections.
 Protozoa
 Are single-celled organisms that are larger than
bacteria and have a more complex cellular
structure. Most of these are harmless and they
are most common in tropical areas that have
poor sanitation. They cause malaria, african
sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery, a
severe intestinal infection.
A parasite is a disease-causing organism that
lives in humans or other animals and derives
its nourishment from its host. Lice are
examples of parasites that live on humans;
bacteria and viruses are examples of
parasites that live either in humans or in
animals; parasitic worms(also called
helminths) live in humans. Helminth eggs
contaminate food, water, air, feces, pets,
wild animals, and objects such as toilet seats
and door handles. The eggs enter the body of
a human through the mouth, nose, and anus.
 Once inside the body, helminth eggs usually
lodge in the intestines, hatch, grow, and
multiply. They can sometimes infest other body
sites.
 Roundworms
 Hatch and live in the intestine. The eggs usually
enter the body through contaminated object.
Symptoms of their presence include fatigue,
weight loss, irritability, poor appetite,
abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Treatment with
medication results in a cure of about week.
Without treatment, anemia and malnutrition can
develop.