Peramalan Faktor Perolehan

BPST EP
Cirebon, Juni 2007
 Faktor Perolehan ?
OOIP ?
Recovery ?
Cadangan (Reserve) ?
Reserves evaluation (cont’d)
The simple oil reserve calculation

7758 A h 1  S wi 
Np  RF
Boi

N p  OOIP * RF
Reserves evaluation (cont’d)

Definition of Petroleum Reserves

A fraction of petroleum from known reservoir accumulation
anticipated to be operationally and economically recoverable
under existing conditions
 KANDUNGAN MINYAK DALAM
RESERVOAR

Produksi Kumulatif Cadangan Minyak pada

tahap perolehan
Cadangan tersisa secara alami

Potensi Minyak pada tahap IOR/EOR

Original OIL In Place (OOIP) Awal isi minyak

Definisi Cadangan :

Jumlah minyak dan atau gas yang terdapat didalam reservoar yang dapat
diproduksikan dengan menggunakan teknologi yang tersedia serta memenuhi
kelayakan ekonomi.
Reserves evaluation (cont’d)

Petroleum Reserves
 Used by company for petroleum based loans

 Used for long term petroleum selling contract

 Used for economic analysis of plan of development

 Reported to government regulatory agencies

Reserves evaluation (cont’d)
Important points

 Reserves cannot be measured, they can only be estimated

 Since reserves are remaining, there is time line from
given date forward
 Different under various government regulations
 Attributed to natural reservoir energy
(Water Drive, Solution Gas Drive, Gas-Cap Drive)
 Attributed to improved recovery methods
(Gas Recycling, Waterflooding, Thermal, Chemical, Vibro-Seismic)
Reserves evaluation (cont’d)

Methods

• Analogy
• Decline curve analysis
• Material balance
• Reservoir simulation
DAYA DORONG RESERVOIR / DRIVE
MECHANISM

• RESERVOIR MINYAK
– Daya dorong Air ( Water Drive)
– Daya dorong Tudung gas ( Gas Cap Drive)
– Daya dorong Gas larutan (Solution Gas Drive)
– Kombinasi
• RESERVOIR GAS
– Ekspansi gas
– Daya dorong Air
– Kombinasi
 Recovery Factor

Faktor pengurasan / Recovery Factor (RF)

1. Statis: misalnya menggunakan persamaan J.J. Arps
 ƒ { , , S, k, P, Drive Mech. } minyak, gas, dan air
 Teknis – obyektif – subyektif

2. Dinamis:
 Decline Curve
 Material Balance
 Simulasi Reservoir
 Recovery Factor

RANGE OF RECOVERY ESTIMATES

Barells

Time after Arps

 Mengapa Perlu Secondary Recovery ????

Recovery Efficiency Range

Drive Mechanism
% OOIP
10 – 25
Solution Gas Drive
(Worldwide Range : 15 – 17)
20 – 50
Gas Cap Drive
(Average : 30 – 40)
35 – 65
Water Drive
(Average : 35 – 40)

Gravity Drive 40 - 80

Applied Reservoir Engineering by Charles R. Smith, G. W. Tracy, R. Lance Farrar,

Vol. 1 & 2, OGCI Publications, Tulsa, 1992
 Steam Flooding
Why Steamflood?
It’s all about recovery!

Mechanism Oil Recovery

Primary 5 - 10%
Water Flood 15 - 25%
Steam Flood 50 - 80%
SJ Valley
Duri
INTRODUCTION OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

FLUID HIDROCARBON CLASIFICATION base

on FLUID TYPE
a. DIKETAHUI DARI DIAGRAM TEKANAN DAN TEMPERATUR
•Yang dimaksud adalah diagram 3 fasa.
•Cara membuatnya adalah :sample dari sumur kirim ke lab buat PVT diagram.
•Berdasarkan diagram fasa dapat diklasifikasikan lihat gambar
INTRODUCTION OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

FLUID HIDROCARBON CLASIFICATION base on

FLUID TYPE
a. DIKETAHUI DARI STATISTIK

• BITUMEN
– 4 < °API < 10
– Rsi initial ≈ negligible
– Bo ≈ 1 Res BBL / STB
– 1000000 > µo > 5000 cp
– Clour dark, jet black, dark chocolate brown

• TAR or HEAVY OIL

– 10 < °API < 20
– Negligible < Rsi < 50 SCF / STBO
– 1.0 > Bo 1.1 Res BBL / STB
– 5000 > µo > 100 cp

• LOW SHRINGKAGE OIL or BLACK OIL

– 20 < °API < Low 30’s
– 50 < Rsi < 500 SCF/STBO
– 1.1 < Bo 1.5 Res BBL / STB
– 100 > µo > 2 to 3 cp
– Colour green, gold, light reddish brown
INTRODUCTION OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
• HIGHT SHRINGKAGE OIL or Volate oil
– Low 30’s < °API < Low 50’s
– 500 < Rsi < 2000 to 6000 SCF / STBO
– 1.5 < Bo 2.5 to 3.5 Res BBL / STB
– 2 to 3 > µo 0.25 cp
– Colour bright gold

• RETROGRADE CONDENSAT GAS

– Midle 50’s < °API < 70
– 2000 to 6000 < Rsi < 1500 SCF/STBO
– Bo : not applicable due to actually this is the gas system
– µo condensate liquid = 0.25 cp
– Initial GOR ± 250.000 SCF / STB
– Colour Clear to yellow

• WET GAS
– °API > 60
– 1500 < Rsi < 100000 SCF / STBO
– µo Condensate Liquit ≈ 0.25 cp
– GOR<100,000 SCF/STB, tidak ada cairan terproduksi di permukaan,
namun jika P dan T turun maka air yang terlarut dalam gas akan terpisah
dipermukaan, CL- nya rendah

• Dry GAS
– GOR>100,000 SCF/STB, tidak ada cairan terproduksi dipermukaan

“APPLIED RESERVOIR ENGINEERING” VOL 1 by Smith, Tracy, Farrar

 Porosity
• Porosity depends on grain packing, not grain size
• Rocks with different grain sizes can have the same
percentage porosity

• Rhombohedral packing • Cubic packing

• Pore space = 26 % of total volume • Pore space = 47 % of total volume
CUBIC PACKING OF SPHERES
Porosity = 0.48
Porosity Calculations - Uniform
Spheres

• Bulk volume = (2r)3 = 8r3

4  r3
• Matrix volume = 3

• Pore volume = bulk volume - matrix volume

 Pore Volume
Porosity 
Bulk Volume
Bulk Volume  Matrix Volume

Bulk Volume
8 r  4/3  r
3 3

 1  0.476
8r 3
2 3
RHOMBIC PACKING OF SPHERES
Porosity = 0.27
FACTORS THAT AFFECT POROSITY
PRIMARY
• Particle sphericity and angularity
• Packing
• Sorting (variable grain sizes)

SECONDARY (DIAGENETIC)
• Cementing materials
• Overburden stress (compaction)
• Vugs, dissolution, and fractures
Packing of Two Sizes of Spheres
Porosity = 0.14
 Permeability
• The rate of fluid flow through a reservoir depends
on
– Pressure drop
– Fluid viscosity
– Permeability
• Permeability is a measure of the conductivity of a
reservoir rock to fluid flow
– Large grains may lead to high permeability and
large flow rates
– Small grains may lead to low permeability and
small flow rates
• Permeability and porosity may be related
 Darcy’s Law
p2 L p1

q
A
Direction of flow

q L L = length
k 
A ( p1  p 2) q = flow rate
p1, p2 = pressures
k = permeability A = area perpendicular to flow
(measured in darcies)  = viscosity
 Fluid Saturation
• Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of pore
volume occupied by a given fluid

saturation 
V specific fluid

• Definitions
V pore space

Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
Sh = hydrocarbon saturation = So + Sg
 Saturation

• Amount of water per unit volume =  Sw

• Amount of hydrocarbon per unit volume =  (1 - Sw)

 (1-Sw)
 Hydrocarbon
 Sw Water

1 Matrix
Reservoir Rock Properties
• Porosity to retain fluid
• Permeability to allow the fluid to move
• Permeability is a dynamic property

unconnected
pore spaces

flow path