DIESEL

ENGINES
INTRODUCTION

• What is diesel engine?

– an internal combustion
engine that uses the heat of
compression to initiate
ignition to burn the fuel,
which is injected into the
combustion chamber during
the final stage of
compression
INTRODUCTION

• Developed by Rudolf Christian

Karl Diesel (1858 – 1913)
• Aimed at creating an engine with
high efficiency
• Initially intended to run on coal
dust
• First diesel engine was fueled by
peanut oil – the “original”
biodiesel

Stationary One-cylinder Single-action

Diesel Engine (MAN, Augsburg, 1906,
12 HP) first generation.
TIMELINE

• HISTORY
1892: Rudolf Diesel obtained a patent (RP 67207) in Germany
1897: Diesel built his first working prototype in Augsburg
1912: The Danish built the first ocean-going ship exclusively
powered by a diesel engine
The first locomotive with a diesel engine also appeared
1923: The first truck with diesel engine made by MAN, Benz
and Daimler is tested
1930: First diesel-power passenger car (Cummins powered
Packard) was built in Columbus, Indiana (USA)
1937: BMW 114 experimental airplane diesel engine
development.
TIMELINE

• RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

2008: Subaru introduced the first horizontally opposed diesel

engine to be fitted to a passenger car

2009: Volvo claimed the world's strongest truck with their

FH16 700 (inline 6 cylinder, 16 litre, 700 hp (522 kW),
producing 3150 N-m of torque )

2010: Mitsubishi developed and started mass production of its

4N13 1.8 L DOHC I4, the world's first passenger car diesel
engine that features a variable valve timing system.

ScaniaAB's V8 had the highest torque and power ratings

of any truck engine: 3500 N·m and 730 hp
TIMELINE

• MODERN DIESEL ENGINES

– a combination of two inventor's creations

1. Rudolf Diesel’s diesel engine

2. Herbert Akroyd Stuart’s so-called 'cold-fuel' injection
system
- Stuart invented the hot bulb engine (a similar type of
engine where compression-ignition is assisted
by a metal 'hot bulb' in the combustion
chamber which is pre-heated before starting and
then is kept hot by the ignition process)
FUEL

• Diesel Fuel
– Generally refers to any fuel
used for diesel engine
– Kinds of diesel fuel:
• Petrodiesel - a specific
fractional distillate of fuel oil
(mostly petroleum)
– a lower-grade, less-refined
product of petroleum made
from heavier hydrocarbons
• Biodiesel – derived from
vegetable oils
TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINE

1. Four-stroke cycle
– an internal combustion engine
that completes the
thermodynamic cycle or fires once
in every four movements of the
piston (two revolution)
TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINE

2. Two –stroke diesel engine

– an internal combustion engine
that completes the
thermodynamic cycle or fires
once in two movements of the
piston (one revolution)
+ Higher power to weight ratio
+ Costs less to manufacture
- Fast wear and tear due to lack of
dedicated lubrication system Brons two-stroke V8 Diesel engine
- Does not use fuel efficiently driving a Heemaf generator

- Produces more pollution due to

combustion of oil
PARTS OF A DIESEL ENGINE

• Basic parts of a diesel engine

TYPES OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION

1. Indirect Injection
– indirect injection diesel engine
delivers fuel into a chamber off the
combustion chamber, called a pre-
chamber or ante-chamber, where
combustion begins and then
spreads into the main combustion
chamber
TYPES OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION

2. Direct Injection
– indirect injection diesel engine
delivers fuel into a chamber off the
combustion chamber, called a pre-
chamber or ante-chamber, where
combustion begins and then
spreads into the main combustion
chamber
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Four-stroke cycle
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Four-stroke cycle
1. Intake Stroke
- involves the downward
movement of the piston,
creating a partial vacuum
that draws air into the 1
combustion chamber
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Four-stroke cycle
2. Compression Stroke
- Air is compressed to the
top of the cylinder by the
piston until it reaches the 2
point at which the fuel
which has been injected
spontaneously combusts,
forcing the piston back
down.
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Four-stroke cycle
3. Power stroke
- the stroke of a cyclic
motor which generates
force 3
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Four-stroke cycle
4. Exhaust stroke
- gases remaining in the
cylinder from the fuel
ignited during the
compression step are 4
removed from the
cylinder through an
exhaust valve at the top
of the cylinder.
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Four-stroke cycle
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Two-stroke cycle
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Two-stroke cycle

1. Compression. When the

piston is at the top of its
travel, the cylinder contains a
charge of highly compressed
air. Diesel fuel is sprayed into
the cylinder by the injector
and immediately ignites
because of the heat and
pressure inside the cylinder.
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Two-stroke cycle

2. Power Stroke.
The pressure created by the
combustion of the fuel drives
the piston downward. This is
the power stroke.
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Two-stroke cycle

3. As the piston nears the

bottom of its stroke, all of
the exhaust valves open.
Exhaust gases rush out of
the cylinder, relieving the
pressure.
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Two-stroke cycle

4. As the piston bottoms out,

it uncovers the air intake
ports. Pressurized air fills
the cylinder, forcing out
the remainder of the
exhaust gases.
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Two-stroke cycle

5. The exhaust valves close

and the piston starts
traveling back upward, re-
covering the intake ports
and compressing the fresh
charge of air. This is the
compression stroke.
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Two-stroke cycle (uses a turbocharger)

5. The exhaust valves close

and the piston starts
traveling back upward, re-
covering the intake ports
and compressing the fresh
charge of air. This is the
compression stroke.
PROS AND CONS OF DIESEL ENGINE

• PROS
– Fuel Economy (20 to 30 % better than gasoline engine)
– Higher efficiencies (high compression ratio)
– Produce large amounts of torque (great for towing)
– Readily available for a wide range of sizes and applications
– Durable
– Reliable
– Less carbon dioxide emission due to less burning of fuel
– Runs on alternative fuels, ex. biodiesel
– Safety (less volatile fuel)
PROS AND CONS OF DIESEL ENGINE

• CONS
– Maintenance is more expensive
– Heavier and bulkier for a given power
– High capital cost
– Slightly noisier than gasoline engines
– Emissions (smell) – tiny particulates of soot, more
oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) contributing to local smog
– Messy fuel
– Less vehicle choices
– Hard to start in cold weather
APPLICATIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE

• HIGH-SPEED (approximately 1000 rpm and greater)

• Trucks, buses, cars
• Tractors
• Yachts
• Compressors, pumps
• Small generators
APPLICATIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE

• MEDIUM-SPEED (approximately 300 rpm to 1200 rpm)

• Large electrical generators
• Optimized to run at a set speed
• Provide rapid response to load changes
• Outputs up to 20 MW (27,000 hp)
APPLICATIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE

• LOW-SPEED (approximately 60 rpm to 100 rpm)

• Outputs over 80 MW and stands up to 15 m tall
• Utilizes low grade fuel
• Predominantly 2-stroke
• Ex. Ship engines,
Land-based power
generation units

Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C
turbocharged diesel engine:
14 cylinder
80,080 kW or 108,920 bhp Output Power is
width 26.7 meters, height 13.2 meters
Fairbanks-Morse diesel ship engine
CONCLUSION

Diesel is used in most industrial sectors overwhelmingly

because it provides more power per unit of fuel and its
lower volatility makes it safer to handle. One really
exciting prospect of diesel over petrol is the possibility of
eliminating petroleum consumption entirely.  Most diesel
engines can be coaxed into burning vegetable oil instead
of diesel and all of them can burn various processed
forms of vegetable oil without loss in life or efficiency.  
REFERENCES

• http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/eng/62n-202.htm

• http://www.wordiq.com

• http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?
cPath=21_64&products_id=34&attrib=1

• http://peswiki.com/index.php/Diesel_engine

• http://www.bcmtouring.com/forum/articles-f20/how-four-stroke-engine-works-
t1897/

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine

• http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/diesel.php3?v=2

• http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel1.htm

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