Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
• In this theory Dewey believed that human beings learn through a 'hands-on'
approach.
• Dewey believed that learning by doing enables students to develop their problem-
solving skills.
LEV VYGOTSKY’S ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
• ZPD is defined as the range of tasks that a child can perform with the help and guidance of
others but cannot yet perform independently.
• Learning happens because we interact with our environment. Which means we do not learn
because we have developed, WE DEVELOP BECAUSE WE LEARN.
JEROME BRUNER’S THEORY ON LEANERS’ VARIED WORLD PERCEPTION
• He states that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas
or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge.
• Inquiry, as a way of learning, concerns itself with these elements:
• Changing knowledge
• Creativity
• Subjectivity
• Socio-cultural factors
• Sensory experience
• Higher-order thinking strategies
All of these are achievable through the inquiry methods of field work, case studies, investigations,
individual group project, and research work.
Benefits of Inquiry-Based Learning
• Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills.
• Improves student learning abilities
• Widens learners’ vocabulary
• Facilitates problem solving skills
• Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
• Encourages cooperative learning
• Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
• Encourages higher-order thinking strategies
• Hastens conceptual understanding
NATURE OF RESEARCH
Research
[ri-surch, ree-surch]
noun
Diligent and systematic inquiry or investigation into a
subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, applications, etc.
• Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking.
Starting from particular to more complex ideas (inductive thinking),
from lower-order to higher-order thinking strategies.
INQUIRY RESEARCH
Involves investigation or Involves investigation or
questioning about something questioning about something
HOTS LOTS to HOTS
less complex procedural more complex procedural
activities activities
WHAT IS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS?
WE NEED TO LOOK FOR: New ideas
WE NEED TO IMPROVE: Certain processes
WE NEED TO CREATE: Something useful out of the old
WE NEED TO EXLPLAIN: A series of observation
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Accuracy
Objectiveness
Timeliness
Relevance
Clarity
Systematic
ACCURACY
It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries
should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledged.
OBJECTIVENESS
It must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations,
predictions, or conclusions.
TIMELINESS
It must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present society
RELEVANCE
Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of
people in a community.
CLARITY
It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise,
and correct language.
SYSTEMATIC
It must take place in an organized or orderly manner.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
• To learn how to work independently
• To learn how to work scientifically or systematically
• To have an in-depth knowledge of something
• To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher-order thinking strategies(HOTS)
of inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating.
• To improve your reading and writing skills.
• To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of gathering data
and of presenting research findings.
• To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination or strong influence of a single
textbookor of the professor’s lone viewpoint or spoon feeding.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
Applied research is research that seeks to answer a question in the real world and
to solve a problem. Basic research is research that fills in the knowledge we don't
have; it tries to learn things that aren't always directly applicable or useful
immediately.
BASED ON PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH
• Explanatory research – this type of research elaborates or explains not just the
reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but also the ways by which such
relationship exists.
• Exploratory research –exploratory research is research conducted for a problem
that has not been studied more clearly, intended to establish priorities, develop
operational definitions and improve the final research design.
You discover and measure information as well as observe and control variables in an
impersonal manner. Therefore, the data gathering techniques appropriate for this approach
are structured interviews, questionnaires, and observational checklists. Data given by these
techniques are expressed through numbers, which means that this method is suitable for
quantitative research.
NATURALISTIC APPROACH
The naturalistic approach uses words. This research approach directs you to deal with
qualitative data that speak of how people behave toward their surroundings. These are non-
numerical data that express truths about the way people perceive or understand the world.
TRIANGULATION APPROACH
This approach is the combination of the first two approach. In this case, you are free to gather
and analyze data using multiple methods, allowing you to combine or mix up research
approaches, research types, data gathering, and data analysis techniques. Triangulation
approach gives you the opportunity to view every angle of the research.