KINETICS OF A

PARTICLE:
WORK AND ENERGY
KNS1633 Engineering Mechanics
Dr Raudhah Ahmadi
Department of Civil Engineering, UNIMAS
Lecture Outline
• The Work of a Force
• Principle of Work and Energy
• Principle of Work and Energy for a System
of Particles
• Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
• Conservation of Energy
The Work of a Force
• A force F does work on a
particle only when the
particle undergoes a
displacement in the direction
of the force.
• If the particle moves along
the path s from position r to
new position r’,
displacement dr = r’ – r
The Work of a Force
• Magnitude of dr is represented by ds, differential
segment along the path
• If the angle between tails of dr and F is θ, work dU done
by F is a scalar quantity

dU = F ds cos θ

• Can be interpreted in two ways

1. Product of F and the component of displacement in
the direction of the force ds cos θ
2. Product of ds and component of force in the direction
of the displacement F cos θ
The Work of a Force
• If 0° < θ < 90°, the force component and the
displacement has the same sense so that the work is
positive
• If 90° < θ < 180°, the force component and the
displacement has the opposite sense so that the work
is negative
• dU = 0 if the force is perpendicular to the displacement
since cos 90° = 0 or if the force is applied at a fixed
point where displacement = 0
• Basic unit for work in SI units is joule (J)
• 1 J = 1 Nm
The Work of a Force
Work of a Variable Force.
• The particle undergoes a
finite displacement along its
path from r1 to r2 or s1 to s2,
• F is expressed as a function
of position, F = F(s),

r2 s2
U1 2   F .dr   F cos  ds
r1 s1
The Work of a Force
Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a Straight Line.
• If the force Fc has a constant magnitude and acts at a
constant angle θ from its straight line path, then the
components of Fc in the direction of displacement is Fc
cos θ
The Work of a Force
The work done by Fc when the particle is displaced from s1
to s2 is determined
s2
U1 2  Fc cos   ds
s1
or U1 2  Fc cos  ( s2  s1)

The work of Fc represents the area of the rectangle

The Work of a Force
Work of a Weight.
• Consider a particle which moves up along the path s from
s1 to position s2.
The Work of a Force
At an intermediate point, the displacement dr = dxi +dyj +
dzk. Since W = -Wj
  r2    
U12   F .dr   (Wj ).( dxi  dyj  dzk )
r1
y2
   Wdy  W ( y2  y1 )
y1

U12  Wy
 The Work of a Force
Work of a Spring Force.
• The magnitude of force developed in
a spring when the spring is displaced
a distance s from its unstretched
position is Fs = ks.
• Where k = spring stiffness
• If the spring is elongated or
compressed from a position s1 to s2,
the work done on the spring by Fs is
positive, since force and
displacement are in the same
direction.
The Work of a Force
s2 s2
U1 2   Fs ds   ks ds
s1 s1
1 2 1 2
 ks2  ks1
2 2

This equation represents the

trapezoidal area under the line
Fs=ks
 The Work of a Force
• If a particle is attached to a spring,
then the force Fs exerted on the
particle is opposite to that exerted on
the spring.
• The force will do negative work on the
particle when the particle is moving so
as to further elongate (or compress)
the spring.

U1 2  1 2 1 2
  ks2  ks1 
2 2 
NOTE:
direction of force same with direction of displacement -> +ve work
direction of force opposite to direction of displacement -> -ve work
The Work of a Force UT = (T cos Φ)s (+ve)

UW = - (W sin θ)s (-ve)

No work done!

The forces acting on the cart as it is pulled a distance s

up the incline are shown above.
Example 1
The 10-kg block rest on a smooth incline. If the spring is
originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the total work done by
all forces acting on the block when a horizontal force P =
400 N pushes the block up the plane s = 2 m.
Solution
Horizontal Force P. Since this force is
constant, the work done is

U P  (400 cos 30)2   692.8 J

Spring Force Fs.

The spring is stretched to its final position s2 = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5
m. The work is negative since force and displacement are in
opposite directions. The work of Fs is thus,

U s    (30 N / M )( 2.5m)  (30 N / M )(0.5m) 2   90 J

 1 2 1
2 2 
Weight W.
Weight acts in the opposite direction to its vertical
displacement, the work is negative.

U W  (98.1sin 30)(2)  98.1J

Normal Force NB.
This force does no work since it is always perpendicular to
the displacement.
Total Work.
The work of all the forces when the block is displaced 2 m is
thus
UT  692.8  90  98.1  505J
Principle of Work and Energy
• Consider a particle P, which at
the instant considered located
on the path as measured from
an inertial coordinate system
• For the particle in the tangential
direction, ∑Ft = mat
• Applying kinetic eqn at = v dv/ds
and integrating both sides
assuming so = s1, vo = v1, s = s2
& v = v2
 s1 Ft ds  v1 mv dv
s2 v2

 s1
s2 1 2 1 2
Ft ds  mv2  mv1
2 2
Principle of Work and Energy
• Principle of work and energy for the particle,

U12
1 2 1 2
 mv2  mv1
2 2
• Term on the LHS is the sum of work done by all the
forces acting on the particle as the particle moves from
point 1 to point 2
• Term on the RHS defines the particle’s final and initial
kinetic energy
• Use homogeneous dimension so that the kinetic energy
has the same units as work (joules (J))
Principle of Work and Energy

T1  U1 2  T2
Ti = ½ mvi2
i = 1, 2

• The particle’s initial kinetic energy plus the work done by

all the forces acting on the particle as it moves from initial
to its final position is equal to the particle’s final kinetic
energy
Principles of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
• Principle of work and energy can be
extended to include a system of n
particles isolated within an enclosed
region of space
• An arbitrary ith particle, having a
mass mi, is subjected to a resultant
force Fi and a resultant internal force
fi, which each of the other particles
exerts on the ith particle
Principles of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
Principle of work and energy for the ith particle
1 si 2 si 2 1
mi vi1   ( Fi )t ds   ( fi )t ds  mi vi22
2
2 si1 si1 2
Since both work and force are scalars, the results may be
added together algebraically,

 2 i i1  si1 i t  si1 i t  2 i i 2
1 si 2 si 2 1
m v 2
 ( F ) ds  ( f ) ds  m v 2

We can write this equation symbolically

T1  U12  T2

Principles of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
• Equation states that the system’s initial energy plus the
work done by all the external and internal forces acting
on the particles of the system is equal to the system’s
final kinetic energy
• Internal forces on adjacent particles will occur in equal
but opposite collinear pairs, the total work done by each
of these forces will not cancel out since paths over which
corresponding particles travel will be different
Principles of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
Work of Friction Caused by Sliding.
• Consider a block translating a distance s over a rough
surface
Principles of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
• If the applied force P just balances the resultant frictional
force μkN then due to equilibrium a constant velocity v is
maintained

1 2 1 2
mv  Ps   k Ns  mv
2 2
• Sliding motion will generate heat, a form of energy which
seems not to be accounted for in the work energy
equation
Example 2
The 17.5-kN automobile is traveling down the 10° inclined
road at a speed of 6 m/s. if the driver jams on the brakes,
causing his wheels to lock, determine how far s his tires
skid on the road. The coefficient of the kinetic friction
between the wheels and the road is μk = 0.5
Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram).
The normal force NA does no work since it never undergoes
displacement along its line of action. The weight 17.5-kN, is
displaced s sin 10° and does positive work.

The frictional force FA does

both external and internal
work. This work is negative
since it is in the opposite
direction to displacement.
Applying equation of equilibrium normal to the road,

+  n
F  0; ; N A  17500 cos 10
N 0
N A  17234.1N
FA  0.5 N A  8617.1N
Principle of Work and Energy.

T1  U1 2  T2
1  17500N 
 
2  9.81m / s 
( 6 m / s ) 
2
 17500 N ( s sin 10

)  (8617.1N ) s  0

Solving for s yields

s = 5.75 m
Example 3
For a short time the crane lifts
the 2.50-Mg beam with a force
of F = (28 + 3s2) kN.
Determine the speed of the
beam when it has risen s = 3
m. How much time does it
take to attain this height
starting from rest.
Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram).
The towing force F does positive work, which must be
determined by integration since this force is a variable. The
weight is constant and will do negative work since the
displacement is upwards.
 Principle of Work and Energy.

T1  U1 2  T2
s 1
0   (28  3s )(10 )ds  (2.50)(10 )(9.81) s  (2.50)(103 )v 2
2 3 3
0 2
28(103 ) s  (103 ) s3  24.525(103 ) s  1.25(103 )v 2
v  (2.78s  0.8s3 )1 / 2

With s = 3 m,
v  5.47m / s
Kinematics.
Since we were able to express the velocity as a function of
displacement using v = ds/dt

ds
(2.78s  0.8s ) 3 1/ 2

dt
3 ds
t
0 ( 2.78s  0.8s 3 )1 / 2

 1.79s
Example 4
The platform P is tied down so that the 0.4-m long cords
keep a 1-m long spring compressed 0.6-m when nothing is
on the platform. If a 2-kg brick is placed on the platform and
released from rest after the platform is pushed down 0.1-m,
determine the max height h the block rises in the air,
measure from the ground.
Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram).
Since block is released from rest and later
reaches its maximum height, the initial and
final velocities are zero. The weight does
negative work and the spring force does
positive work.

The initial compression in the spring is s1 =

0.6 + 0.1 = 0.7 m. Due to the cords, the
spring’s final compression is s2 = 0.6 m
(after the block leave the platform). The
bottom of the block rises from a height of
(0.4 – 0.1) m = 0.3 m to a final height h.
Principle of Work and Energy.

T1  U1 2  T2
1 2  1 2 1 2  1 2
mv1    ks2  ks1   Wy   mv2
2  2 2   2
Note that here s1 = 0.7 m > s2 = 0.6 m and so the work of
the spring will be positive

0  {  (200 N / m)(0.6m)  (200 N / m)(0.7 m) 2 

 1 2 1
2 2 
 (19.62 N )h  (0.3m)}  0 h = 0.963 m
Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy
Conservative Force.
• It is defined by the work done in moving a particle from
one point to another that is independent of the path
followed by the particle.
• Two examples are weight of the particle and elastic force
of the spring.
Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy
Potential Energy.
It is the measure of the amount of work a conservative force
will do when it moves from a given position to the datum.

Gravitational Potential Energy.

If a particle is located a distance y above an arbitrary
selected datum, the particle’s weight W has positive
gravitational potential energy Vg.
Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy
• W has the capacity of doing
positive work when the particle
is moved back down to the
datum.
• The particle is located a
distance y below the datum, Vg
is negative since the weight
does negative work when the
particle is moved back up to
the datum.
Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy
• If y is positive upward, gravitational potential energy of
the particle of weight W is
Vg  Wy

Elastic Potential Energy

• When an elastic spring is elongated or compressed a
distance s from its unstretched position, the elastic
potential energy Ve can be expressed

1 2
Ve   ks
2
Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy
Ve is always positive since, in the
deformed position, the force of
the spring has the capacity for
always doing positive work on
the particle when the spring is
returned to its unstretched
position.
Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy
Potential Function.
If a particle is subjected to both gravitational and elastic
forces, the particle’s potential energy can be expressed as a
potential function

V  Vg  Ve
Conservation of Energy
When a particle is acted upon by a system of both
conservative and non-conservative forces, the portion of the
work done by the conservative forces can be written in
terms of the difference in their potential energies using

U12 cons.  V1  V2
As a result, the principle of work and energy can be written
as
T1  V1  (U1 2 )noncons.  T2  V2
Conservation of Energy
• (∑U1-2)noncons represents the work of the non-conservative
forces acting on the particles.
• If only conservative forces are applied to the body, this
term is zero and we have

T1  V1  T2  V2

• This equation referred to as the conservation of

mechanical energy or simply the conservation of energy
Conservation of Energy
It states that during the motion the sum of the particle’s
kinetic and potential energies remain constant.
Kinetic energy must be transformed into potential energy
and vice versa
Conservation of Energy
System of Particles.
If a system of particles is subjected only to conservative
forces, then an equation can be written

T1  V1  T2  V2

The sum of the particle’s initial kinetic and potential energies is
equal to the sum of the particle’s final kinetic and potential
energies

T  V  const
Example 5
The gantry structure is used to test the response of an
airplane during a crash. The plane of mass 8-Mg is hoisted
back until θ = 60°, and then pull-back cable AC is released
when the plane is at rest. Determine the speed of the plane
just before clashing into the ground, θ = 15°. Also, what is
the maximum tension developed in the supporting cable
during the motion?
Solution

Potential Energy.
For convenience, the datum has been established at the top
of the gantry.
Conservation of Energy.

TA  VA  TB  VB

0  8000(9.81)( 20 cos 60 ) 
1
(8000)vB2  8000(9.81)( 20 cos 15 )
2
vB  13.5m / s
Equation of Motion.
The free-body diagram when the plane is at B,

+  Fn  man ;
2
 (13. 5)
T  8000(9.81) N cos 15  (8000)
20
T  149kN
Example 6
A smooth 2-kg collar C, fits loosely
on the vertical shaft. If the spring is
unstretched when the collar is in
the position A, determine the
speed at which the collar is
moving when y = 1 m if (a) it is
released from rest at A, and (b) it
is released at A with an upward
velocity vA = 2 m/s.
Solution

Part (a)
Potential energy.
For convenience, the datum is established through AB.
When the collar is at C, the gravitational potential energy is
–(mg)y, since the collar is below the datum and the elastic
potential energy is

1 2
ksCB
2
sCB = 0.5 m which represent the stretch in the spring
Conservation of Energy

TA  VA  TC  VC

0  0  mvC   ksCB  mgy 

1 2 1 2
2 2 
0  0   (2)vC    (3)(0.5) 2  2(9.81)(1)
 2  1
1
2  2 
vC  4.39m / s 
Part (b)
Conservation of Energy.
If vA = 2 m/s, using the data from the FBD, we have

TA  VA  TC  VC
1 2 1 2 1 2 
mv A  0  mvC   ksCB  mgy 
2 2 2 
 2  1
(2)( 2)  0   (2)vC    (3)(0.5) 2  2(9.81)(1)
1 2 1
2 2  2 
vC  4.82m / s 
THANK
YOU