GOOD

AFTERNOON!
Power electronics converters
applications and motors

Chethan raj.D
2nd sen M.tech,caid
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONVERTERS
UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
APPLICATIONS
CHOPPER
APPLICATIONS
 Power Electronic Systems

sensors
Input
Source Power Electronics Load
- AC Converters
- DC Output
- unregulated - AC
- DC
POWER ELECTRONIC
CONVERTERS – the heart of
power a power electronics
Reference Controller system
 Power Electronic Systems

Why Power Electronics ?

sensors
Input
Source Power Electronics IDEALLY LOSSLESS
Load !
- AC Converters
- DC Output
- unregulated - AC
- DC

Reference Controller
 Different types of Power Converters

• Diode rectifiers (uncontrolled rectifiers).

• Line commutated converters or AC to DC
converters (controlled rectifiers).
• AC voltage (RMS voltage) controllers (AC to AC
converters).

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

• Cyclo converters (AC to AC converters at low
output frequency).
• DC choppers (DC to DC converters).
• Inverters (DC to AC converters).
 AC to DC Converter

+
AC L in e D C O u tp u t
In p u t C o m m u ta te d V 0 (Q C )
V o lt a g e C o n v e rt e r
-

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage & frequency)

Type of output: DC voltage (variable)

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

 Diode rectifiers (uncontrolled rectifiers).

• the term rectifier describes a

diode that is being used to
convert AC to DC

Almost all rectifiers

comprise a number of
diodes in a specific
arrangement for more
efficiently converting AC to
DC than is possible with just
a single diode
 Full wave rectification

• Full-wave rectification converts both

polarities of the input waveform to DC, and
is more efficient
A full wave rectifier converts the whole of the input
waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative)
at its output by reversing the negative (or positive)
portions of the alternating current waveform. The positive
(negative) portions thus combine with the reversed
negative (positive) portions to produce an entirely positive
(negative) voltage/current waveform.
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier: Redrawn

• Current flows through one diode from the top group and one from the bottom
• Diode with highest anode potential from the top and diode with lowest cathode
potential from the bottom will conduct
Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier Waveforms

• Six-pulse rectifier:
Vd (=VPn-VNn) waveform
consists of six segments per
cycle
• Each diode conducts for 120o
• Conduct sequence: 1-2-3….
• Average dc output voltage,
1 6
Vdo  2V cos t d  t 
  3  6 LL
 
  t 
6 6
3
 2V LL  1.35V LL

Disassembled automobile alternator,
showing the six diodes that comprise a
full-wave three phase bridge rectifier.

A rectifier diode and associated

mounting hardware. The heavy
threaded stud helps remove heat.
• Rectifiers also find a use in detection of
amplitude modulated radio signals.
- The signal may or may not be
amplified before detection but if
unamplified a very low voltage drop
diode must be used.
Controlled
recitifiers
 Thyristor Converters

• Average dc voltage Vd can be controlled from a positive maximum to a

negative minimum on a continuous basis
• The converter dc current Id can not change direction
• Two-quadrant operation
• Rectification mode (power flow is from the ac to the dc side): +Vd & +Id
• Inverter mode (power flow is from the dc to the ac side): -Vd & +Id
• Inverter mode of operation on a sustained basis is only possible if a source
of power, such as batteries, is present on the dc side.
• Basic thyristor circuits: Line-frequency voltage source connected to a load
resistance
• In the positive half cycle of vs, the current is zero until t=, at which a
gate pulse of a short duration is applied
• With the thyristor conducting, vd = vs
• vd becomes zero at t = 
• By adjusting the firing angle , the average dc voltage Vd and current Id
can be controlled
 Single-Phase Thyristor Converters

• One thyristor of the top group and one of the bottom group will conduct
• If a continuous gate pulse is applied then this circuit will act like a full
bridge diode rectifier and the web forms are as shown below
• =0 for 1 and 2 and = for thyristors 3 and 4
 1-Phase Thyristor Converter Waveforms

• Assumptions: Ls=0 and purely dc current

Id
• delay angle or firing angle
• Prior to t=0, current is flowing through
3 and 4, and vd = -vs
• Beyond t=0, thyristors 1 and 2 become
forward biased, but cannot conduct until
.
• vd becomes negative between 0 and  as a
consequence of the delay angle
• At t=, gate pulse applied and current
commutation from thyristors 3 and 4 to 1
and 2 is instantaneous (Ls = 0), and vd = vs
• Thyristors 1 and 2 will keep conducting
 Average dc Output Voltage

V d 0.9V s cos 
  cos 
Vd 0 0.9V s

The variation of Vd as a function of 

Average dc voltage is positive until =90o: this region is called
the rectifier mode of operation
Average dc voltage becomes negative beyond =90o: this
region is called the inverter mode of operation
 3-Phase Thyristor Converters

• Current Id flows through the one thyristor of the top group and one of the
bottom group
• If a continuous gate pulse is applied then this circuit will act like a three-
phase full bridge diode rectifier and, as a result,
V d 0  1.35 V LL
3-Phase Thyristor Converter Waveforms
 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC
2Vm


+ 2Vm
Vo  cos 

50Hz Vo 90o 180o
1-phase Average voltage over
10ms
 2Vm



3VL  L,m

50Hz
+
3-phase
3VL  L ,m
Vo Vo  cos 
 90o 180o

 Average voltage over

3.33 ms 3VL  L ,m


 Three Phase Dual Converters

• For four quadrant operation in many industrial

variable speed dc drives , 3 phase dual
converters are used.
• Used for applications up to 2 mega watt
output power level.
• Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full
converters which are connected in parallel &
in opposite directions across a common load.

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

 Four Quadrant Operation

Conv. 2 Conv. 1 Rectifying

1 < 900
Inverting
2 > 900

Conv. 2 Rectifying
Conv. 1 Inverting
2 < 900
1 > 900

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

There are two different modes of operation.
Circulating current free
(non circulating) mode of operation
Circulating current mode of operation
Non Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
• In this mode of operation only one converter is
switched on at a time
• When the converter 1 is switched on,
For 1 < 900 the converter 1 operates in the
Rectification mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is positive and hence the
average load power Pdc is positive.
• Power flows from ac source to the load
• When the converter 1 is on,
For 1 > 900 the converter 1 operates in the
Inversion mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is positive and the average
load power Pdc is negative.
• Power flows from load circuit to ac source.

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

• When the converter 2 is switched on,
For 2 < 900 the converter 2 operates in the
Rectification mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is negative and the average
load power Pdc is positive.
• The output load voltage & load current reverse
when converter 2 is on.
• Power flows from ac source to the load

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

• When the converter 2 is switched on,
For 2 > 900 the converter 2 operates in the
Inversion mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is negative and the average
load power Pdc is negative.
• Power flows from load to the ac source.
• Energy is supplied from the load circuit to the
ac supply.

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

Circulating Current
Mode Of Operation
• Both the converters are switched on at the
same time.
• One converter operates in the rectification
mode while the other operates in the
inversion mode.
• Trigger angles 1 & 2 are adjusted such that
(1 + 2) = 1800

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

• When 1 < 900, converter 1 operates as a
controlled rectifier. 2 is made greater than
900 and converter 2 operates as an Inverter.
• Vdc is positive & Idc is positive and Pdc is
positive.
• When 2 < 900, converter 2 operates as a
controlled rectifier. 1 is made greater than
900 and converter 1 operates as an Inverter.
• Vdc is negative & Idc is negative and Pdc is
positive.

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

 Output voltage of a full-wave rectifier
with controlled thyristors

• Rectifiers are also used to supply polarised voltage

for welding.
- In such circuits control of the output
current is required and this is sometimes
achieved by replacing some of the diode in bridge
rectifier with thyristors, whose voltage ouput can be
regulated by means of phase fired controllers.
 Applications
• Speed control of DC motor in DC drives.
• UPS.
• HVDC transmission.
• Battery Chargers.

Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

 BATTERY CHARGERS
Microelettrica Power Devices is a leader in the design and
development of high reliability substation chargers.

 The chargers are configured

with main transformer, fully
controlled secondary thyristor
rectifier, output load resistor
and DC filter choke.
 Thyristor control is via the
industry standard P4500
analogue card, which allows for
the firing of of thyristors in
inverse parallel or DC bridge
configuration with voltage and
current feedback.
 WONDERSTONE
Reverse-polarity water-cooled thyristor controlled rectifier
The control system on this rectifier was
developed by Microelettrica Power Devices and is
the first of its kind in South Africa.
 MEGAWATT POWER
High Power Heavy Industrial Equipment

16kA/159V water-cooled thyristor controlled rectifier for copper winning

Installed at Palaborwa Mining Company

 DC Choppers
+ V 0 (d c )
• +
DC V a r ia b le D C
Vs O u t p u t V o lt a g e
- C hoppe r

Type of input: Fixed DC supply voltage.

Type of output: Variable DC voltage.
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter

Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1

+ Ia
 T2 D2
Va

T1 conducts  va = Vdc
 DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter

Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1

+ Ia
 T2 D2
Va

D2 conducts  va = 0 T1 conducts  va = Vdc

Va Eb

Quadrant 1 The average voltage is made larger than the back emf
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter

Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1

+ Ia
 T2 D2
Va

D1 conducts  va = Vdc
 DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter

Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1

+ Ia
 T2 D2
Va

T2 conducts  va = 0 D1 conducts  va = Vdc

Va Eb

Quadrant 2 The average voltage is made smallerr than the back emf, thus forcing
the current to flow in the reverse direction
 DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B

+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va 
Vdc

 D4 D2
Q4 Q2

Positive current
va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON
 DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B

+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va 
Vdc

 D4 D2
Q4 Q2

Positive current
va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON
va = -Vdc when D3 and D4 are ON
va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D
 DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B

+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va 
Vdc

 D4 D2
Q4 Q2

Positive current Negative current

va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON va = Vdc when D1 and D2 are ON
va = -Vdc when D3 and D4 are ON va = -Vdc when Q3 and Q4 are ON
va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D
 References
www.scribd.com
http://science.howstuffworks.com/maglev-
train.htm
http://future.wikia.com/wiki/converters