Domestic

Accident
GROUP 7
• MUHAMMAD AFIL
• ROOBAN SUMITHA
SANCHIA
Domestic accident

 domestic accident" is meant

an accident which takes
place in the home or in its
immediate surroundings, and,
more generally, all accidents
not connected with traffic,
vehicles or sport.
Drowning

 Drowning is the process of

experiencing respiratory impairment
from submersion/immersion in liquid...
 Victims of drowning have a very slim
chance of survival after immersion.
 The victim loses consciousness after
approximately 2 minutes of
immersion, and irreversible brain
damage can take place after 4-6
minutes.
Risk factors

 Age:
 Age is one of the major risk factor for drowning.
This relationship is often associated with a lapse in
supervision.
 In general, children under 5 years of age have the
highest drowning mortality rates worldwide.
Canada and New Zealand are the only
exceptions, where adult males drown at higher
rates.
 Gender:
 Males are especially at risk of drowning with twice
the overall mortality rate of females. They are
more likely to be hospitalized than females for
non-fatal drowning.
 risk factor for drowning.
 Individuals with occupations such as
 commercial fishing or fishing for subsistence, using
small boats in low-income countries, are more prone
to drowning.
 Children who live near open water sources, such as
ditches, ponds, irrigation channels, or pools are
especially at risk.
 Other risk factors:
 a. infants left unsupervised or alone, or with another
child in a bathtub;
 b. unsafe or overcrowded transportation vessels
lacking flotation devices;
 c. alcohol use, near or in the water;
 d. medical conditions, such as epilepsy;
 e. floods and other cataclysmic events like tsunamis.
Prevention
• DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFE
WATER SYSTEMS, SUCH AS DRAINAGE SYSTEMS,
PIPED WATER SYSTEMS, FLOOD CONTROL
EMBANKMENTS IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS;
• BUILDING FOUR-SIDED POOL FENCES OR BARRIERS
PREVENTING ACCESS TO STANDING WATER;
• CREATING AND MAINTAINING SAFE WATER ZONES
FOR RECREATION; - COVERING OF WELLS OR OPEN
CISTERNS;
• EMPTYING BUCKETS AND BATHS, AND STORING
THEM UPSIDEDOWN.
Burns
 A burn is an injury to the skin or
other organic tissue
 primarily caused by heat or
due to radiation, radioactivity,
electricity, friction or contact
with chemicals.
The problem

 Burns are a global public health problem,

accounting for an estimated 265,000 deaths
annually.
 In many high-income countries, burn death rates
have been decreasing, and the rate of child
deaths from burns is currently over seven times
higher in low and middle-income countries than in
high-income countries.
 It is estimated that over one million people are
moderately or severely burnt every year in India
Risk factors

 Gender : Females suffer burns more frequently

than males. Women in the South-East Asia Region
have the highest rate of burns, accounting for 273
of global burn deaths and nearly 703 of burn
deaths in the region.
 Age : Along with adult women, children are
particularly vulnerable to burns. Burns are the 11th
leading cause of death of children aged 1-9
years and are also the fifth most common cause
of non-fatal childhood injuried.
Socio economic factor

 People living in low and middle-income countries

are at higher risk for burns than people living in
high-income countries. Within the countries also,
burn risk correlates with socio-economic status.
Falls
 Falls are responsible for the largest
number of hospital visits for non-fatal
injuries, especially for children and
young adults. Falls from rooftops,
balconies, windows and stair cases
are common.
Risk factors

 occupations at elevated heights or other

hazardous working conditions;
 alcohol or substance use;
 - socio-economic factors including
 poverty, overcrowded housing, young maternal
age;
 underlying medical conditions, such as
neurological, cardiac or other disabling
conditions;
prevention

 screening within living environments for risks for

falls;
 clinical interventions to identify risk factors, such as
medication review and modification, treatment
of low blood pressure, Vitamin D and calcium
supplementation, treatment of correctable visual
impairment;
 home assessment and environmental
modification for those with known risk factors or a
history of falling; prescription of appropriate
assistive devices to address
Poisoning

 Poisoning was responsible for an estimated 252,000

deaths during the year 2008 worldwide.
 In India about 28,012 poisoning deaths were
reported during the year 2010.
 The most common agents responsible for poisoning
are pesticides, kerosene, prescription drugs, and
 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES household chemicals.
Pesticides are widely used in many countries where
agriculture is an important part of the economy.
Snake bite
 Snake bite is a neglected public
health issue in many tropical and
subtropical countries.
 Most of these occur in Africa, Asia
and Latin America.
 In Africa alone there are an
estimated 1 million snake bites
annually with about half needing
treatment.
 The venom of poisonous snakes
may be predominantly neurotoxic
or predominantly cytolytic.
Snake bite

 Neurotoxins cause respiratory paralysis and

cytolytic venoms cause tissue destruction by
digestion and haemorrhage due to haemolysis
and destruction of the endothelial lining of the
blood vessels.
 Muscle tissues begin to die throughout the body
and it results in accumulation of myoglobin in the
renal tubules which leads to acute renal failure.
Snake bite
 Snake identified as a very dangerous one.
 Rapid early extension of local swelling from the site of
 the bite.
 Early tender enlargement of local lymph nodes,
 indicating spread of venom in the lymphatic system.
 Early systemic symptoms: collapse (hypotension,
shock),
 nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, severe headache,
 "heaviness" of the eyelids, inappropriate (pathological)
 drowsiness or early ptosis/ophthalmoplegia.
 - Early spontaneous systemic bleeding.
 Passage of dark brown/black urine.
Antivenom

 Until the advent of antivenom, bites from some

species of snake were almost universally fatal.
 The first antivenom was developed in 1895 by French
physician Albert Calmette for the treatment of
Indian cobra bites. Antivenom is made by injecting a
small amount of venom "into an animal (usually a
horse or sheep) to initiate an immune system
response.
 Although some people may develop serious adverse
reactions to antivenom, such as anaphylaxis, in
emergency situations this is usually treatable and
hence the benefit outweighs the potential
consequences of not using antivenom.
Railway accidents

 With the increase in number

of trains and passengers, the
increase in the number of
accidents and casualties
resulting therefrom is not
unexpected. During 2010,
about 30,576 people died of
railway accidents in India
(8). The main factor involved
in railway accidents is
human failure
 violence
 Violence is reported to be
increasing rapidly. It also follow the
same epidemiological pattern as
any other disease (host, agent and
environment), i.e. a motivated
person who injures; a suitable
target; and a suitable environment
or the absence of a guardian, all
coinciding in time and space.