CELL CYCLE

• Series of changes that

occur in a newly formed
cell during its growth
and division to form two
daughter cells
• Cell cycle consist of
three phases-
Interphase,karyokinesis
and cytokinesis.
 MITOSIS
• Cell division in which chromosomes replicate and
become equally distributed both qualitatively and
quantitatively into two daughter nuclei so that the
daughter cells come to have the same number and type
of chromosomes as were present in the parent cell.
• It is means of reproduction in protists
• Found during development of embryo from zygote
and growth of organisms and their body parts and
regeneration asexual reproduction and certain steps in
sexual reproduction exhibit mitosis
 THREE PHASES OF CELL CYCLE

• INTERPHASE-Series of changes that

occur in a newly formed cell and its
nucleus before it develops the ability to
divide.Formerly called resting
phase.Has three steps:G1-Phase,S-
phase and G-2 phase.
• Karyokinesis-Division of nucleus
• Cytokinesis-Division of cytoplasm
 Phases of Interphase
• G-1:First growth phase- Requires two
conditions.a)Minimum cell size b)Optimum
supply of nutrients.Cell increases in
size,nucleus enlarges,RNA,proteins,
nucleotides amino acids and energy rich
compounds formed.
• S-Phase:Synthetic Phase- Phase of
chromosomal replication and Synthesis of
histones.Centrosome replication also occur
• G-2 Phase- RNA and protein synthesis
continues,several macromolecules for
spindle,organelle formation and cell growth
formed
MITOSIS
STAGES OF MITOSIS
MITOSIS
Pro-Prophase
• The cell nucleus
becomes more or
less spherical
• Cytoplasm
becomes more
viscous
Prophase
• Coiling and
condensation of
chromosomes to
assume their
characteristic shape
• Disintegration of
nucleolus
• Breakdown of nuclear
envelope
Spindle Apparatus

• During late prophase fine

fibres start appearing
around the nucleus and
become oriented to form
spindle apparatus
• Spindle apparatus is
bipolar mass of
colourless fibrils which
appears at time of cell
division and assists in
the distribution of chrs.
 Prometaphase
• Chromosomes come to lie scattered in
cytoplasm
• Spindle apparatus partially organized with
fibers running over or around the nucleus
region
• Discontinuous fibres (chromosomal
fibres)get connected with chromosomes at
kinetochore
• Each chrs. gets connected to both poles by
separate fibres
• Chrs. fibres tighten and bring chrs. to the
equator of the spindle.
Metaphase
• Movement and arrangement of
chromosomes at the equator in
one plane is called congression.
• Chrs.arrange in a way that
smaller ones lie in the middle and
larger towards the periphery
• Centromere occur on the equator
while limbs placed variously
• Balanced tension exerted by two
fibres attached to centromere
from two poles keep chrs. on
equatorial plate.
• With formation of equatorial plate
APC becomes active
 Anaphase
• APC brings degradation of cohesin
proteins that binds two chromatids
at centromere.
• Centromere divides into two and
splits chromosome into two
chromatids
• All chrs. split simultaneously
• Chrs.fibrils not involved in splitting
• Two new chrs.now move towards
poles along the path of their
chromosomal fibres.Remain
connected by interzonal fibres.
• Chrsl.fibres are responsible for
anphasic movements
 Telophase
• Two chromosome groups
formed reorganize themselves
• into nuclei
• The chromosomes decondense
and form chromatin fibres.
• New patches of membrane fuse
to form new nuclear envelopes
around them.
• Nucleolar chromosomes form
nucleoli
• Two daughter nuclei are formed
at the poles of spindle apparatus
• Spindle fibres disappear when
cytokinesis occur by cleavage
and persist during cell plate
method of cleavage
Cytokinesis • Division of protoplast of cell into two
daughter cells after karyokinesis
• Animal cytokinesis –Microfilaments
collect below the cell surface in
equatorial plane with long axis
parallel to latter.A contractile ring is
produced.Contraction of
microfilaments produces furrow in
cell surface.Furrow deepens and
cleaves the cell
• Plant cyto.-Spindle apparatus gets
converted into phragmoplast.It
develops microtubules.Vesicles
produced by golgi collect at equator
of phragmoplast.Membranes of
vesicles fuse to form two sheets
which enclose a matrix.Film
solidifies and forms cell plate which
grows centripetally.Cellulose and
wall material develop on either side
of cell plate
 Meiosis
• Double division which occurs in a diploid
cell and give rise to four haploid cells each
having half the number of chromosomes
than parent cell.
• Meiosis occur at time of sporogenesis,
gametogenesis and in some cases at time of
zygote germination. Cells undergoing
meiosis are called meiocytes
Stages of Meiosis
 Three phases of Meiosis
• Interphase:Same as that of mitosis
• Karyokinesis:The nucleus undergoes
two divisions-M1 and M2.
• First division is Reductional.During this
no. of chrs. is reduced to half.Two
chromatids of chrs. become genetically
different due to crossing over.These
chromatids separate during M2.
• Second meiotic division is equational
 Meiosis I-Studied under
prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase

• Prophase I is complicated and prolonged.Divided into 5

subphases- Leptotene.Zygotene, Pachytene,Diplotene and
Diakinesis
Leptotene
• Chromatin shortens and
elongated chrs.become
clear.Their telomeres
remain in contact with
nuclear envelope.
• Chrs.appear beaded due to
chromomeres
• Chrs.replicated but
chromatids not
distinguishable due to
presence of lateral element.
• Sometimes chrs. form
bouquet stage.
Zygotene and Pachytene
 Diplotene and Synaptinemal complex

•S.C. occurs inside synapsed homologous chromosomes.

•It is tripartite ribonucleoprotein str.having three interconnected
longitudinal element. One central and two lateral.
•Lateral element is 30-50nm thick and distance between them is 90-120nm.
•Central element is 15-50 nm thick. Space between central and lateral is
traversed by LC fibres.S.C. is believed to have recombination nodules
Diplotene and diakinesis
Metaphase I,Anaphase I,Telophase I
Stages of Meiosis II
COMPARISON MITOSIS &
MEIOSIS
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
 Significance of Meiosis
• Sexual Reproduction
• Development of Gametophyte
• Maintenance of Chrs. No.
• Independent Assortment of Chrs.
• Crossing Over
• Gene Mutations
• Irregular disjunctions
• Polyploidy
• Basic similarity in organisms
 Genetic Significance of Meiosis
• Principle of paired factors
• Law of segregation
• Law of independent Assortment
• Linkage
• Crossing Over
 Significance of Mitosis
• Growth and development
• Maintain cell size and nucleocytoplasmic
ratio
• Genetic similarity and regeneration
• Asexual reproduction
• Multiplication of meiocytes
• Replacement of old cells
• Healing
• Somatic mutation
• Basic similarity in organisms
MEIOSIS