 The Taipei World Financial Center

 Ranked officially as the world’s tallest from 2004

 Seven Wonders of Engineering by The Discovery Channel in 2005.
 It comprises 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground.
 Ground to highest architectural structure (spire): 509.2 meters
 China’s growing population
 Shortage of area in the taiwan city
 Energy efficcieant
 Three main tests
1) pile load test
2)wind tunnel test
3)seismic analysis test
a)five compressive load tests and
three pull-out load tests.
b)Compression strength 4000
tonnes.
c)Tension strength 2200 tonnes.
 Wind Tunnel Facility of Architectural
Building Research Institute,National
Cheng Kung University
 Dimensions of 6 m x 2.6 m.
 The maximum wind speed of
about 30 m/s.
 1/500 scale model with a total
height of 96.7 cm.
 at 0-degree wind direction
 the surface pressures on the windward
face (, leeward face , 90-degree side face
and 270-degree side face, respectively.
 surface pressures tend to oscillate as the
height increases and their rate of increase
is hindered by the discontinuous trap
 there is a relatively large jump in
pressures at the mid-height of the
building
 Laying of 380 piles with 3 metre thick
concrete slab
 Mega columns- 3 x 2.4-m at 22.5m
 8 cm thick steel and 10,000 psi concrete
infill to provide for overturning.
 For the lifting of material and structural
components 6 cranes on site were used
 Braced core with belt trusses
 With core 16 columns are available at
crossing points of four lines of bracing in
each direction
 Columns are steel box type with concrete
infill for added strength upto 62nd floor
 On the perimeter of each of the face are two
super columns and corner columns upto 26
floor
 after that super columns continue to the top
 The super columns are filled with high
performance concrete of 10000 psi strength
upto 62nd floor to increase stifness
 Typhoon winds ( capable of topling the
buildings)
 Large potential earth quakes
 Fatigue in pinacle
 Taiwan is known for its high wind
velocity typhoons.
 Typhoon with 100 year return period
brings winds of 43.3 m/sec (97 mph)
averaged over 10 minutes at a height of
10 m (33 ft).
 These winds induce the lateral moment
of tall buildings leading to structural
failure
  A square tower with sharp corners
creates large crosswind excitation.
 Rounded and chamfered (45o) corners
reduced lateral response,
 but a ‘saw tooth’ or ‘double notch’
corner with 2.5 m (8.2 ft) notches
achieved a dramatic reduction.

Geometry of building

Saw tooth at corners

  Frame of the structure
considered for lateral stability..

•a central braced core

•Connected with several perimeter
columns on each building face
through ‘outrigger trusses’
•Belt trusses gather and transfer
perimeter weight to two outrigger
‘super columns’ on each face, so the
member sizes needed for gravity
loads provide axial stiffness as well
 FILLED-IN CONCRETE IN
SUPER COLUMN
 10000 psi HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
 Design strength : 10000psi @ 90 days
 High flowability: slump - 250±20mm slump flow
- 600±20mm
 Autogenous shrinkage ≦300×10-6 m/m @ 90
days
 The main objective of a damping system is to
supplement structural damping to dissipate
energy to avoid undesirable vibrations
 Common approach is to provide friction or
viscous dampers at the joints of the structure
 This system may prove to be expensive and
lethargic
 660 tonne mass damper suspended from
92nd to 87th floor
 to offset sway caused by strong gusts
 5.5 metre spherical pendulum made from 41
circular rings welded together
 It is arranged (tuned) to sway freely at about
the same period or sway rate as the building.
 When the building sways, the mass will tend
to sway in the opposite direction and at larger
amplitude.
 this leads to the dissipation of wind energy
 MASS BLOCK : Sphere of dia 5.5 m and
mass of 660 tonnes
 CABLES : Eight steel cables measuring
8.9 cm (3.5 inch) in diameter and 42 m
(138 feet) in length
 Flexibility of cables ensured as each
cable is made of 2000 steel strands.
 HYDRAULIC VISCOUS DAMPER
 Eight diagonal primary hydraulic
viscous dampers
 to automatically absorb the
impulse caused by the swaying
of the mass block
 BUMPER SYSTEM
 A bumper ring has been installed
under the mass block to restrict
the swaying of the spherical
mass block.
 limit the swaying of the wind
damper ball to within 150 cm .
 Taiwan is known for its high magnitude
earthquakes
 Recent earth of 7.5 magnitude in 1999 was
one of the most deadly earthquakes
 Just at the begning of the construction work
 The structure is tapered inward at the base upto
the 26 floor enabling the lateral stability of tower
 Lowest floor from base ment to 8th floor have
shear walls.
 The ductility at top level was ensured by using
steel trusses at each level.
 The pile system was designed to counter uplift of
during earth quake
 Energy dissipation due to TMD
 HEIGHT OF TOWER
 FOUNDATION
 BUILDING VERTICAL SHAPING
 PLAN SHAPING FOR WIND
 PINNACLE FATIGUE
 Soft rock occurs beneath 40 to 60 m of clay

 Mega structural system for vertical and lateral loads,
including typhoon and strong earthquake
 - 550 bored piles
 - High strength and ductility structural steel with
RBS
 - Columns infilled with high performance concrete
 (10,000psi)
 - Tunned mass damper to reduce wind vibrations
 - Nonlinear time history analyses
 • Lateral forces are resisted through a
combination of braced frames in the core,
outriggers from core to perimeter ‘super-
columns’ and moment resisting frames in the
perimeter and other selected locations.
 • Wind Dampers are used to reduce lateral
vibrations due to wind