FUNDAMENTALS OF

CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION

By: JOHNREL E. AMORA, RCrim

Top 7, LEC
OCTOBER 2016
 Criminal Investigation

 It is an art, which deals with the identity

and location of the offender and provide
evidence of his guilt in criminal
proceedings.
 The six Cardinal points of
Investigation

 What crime was committed?

 Who were the perpetrator, victims and
witness?
 When was the crime committed?
 Where the crime happened?
 Why did the criminal commit the crime?
 How was it committed?
 Criminal Investigator

 He is a person in charge of carrying the

goals of investigation such as identify the
offender, locate/trace the offender, gather
evidence against the offender.
 Qualities of a Good Investigator
I – Integrity
N – Network
V – Versatility
E – Enthusiasm
S – Self control
T – Tactfulness
I – Intelligence
G – Guts
A – Acting ability
T – Timeliness
O – Optimistic
R – Research oriented
 Integrity – in practice of his
assignments, investigator will encounter
overflowing temptation of women, money
and other intangible promises.

 Network – a pool of contact is

undisputedly essential to the success of
every investigation.
 Versatility – is a key to adapt and be on
top of different situation that would be
encountered by an investigator in his
quest for truth and justice.

 Enthusiasm – no investigator would

become successful if he does not
possess this quality.
 Self control – ability to control oneself
regardless of provoking situation.

 Tactfulness – ability to deal with other people

effectively without offending.

 Intelligence – an investigator must have an

above average intelligence. He must have
knowledge of psychology to decipher
falsehood from truth.
 Guts – a good investigator must an
incomparable courage to face several
tremendous obstacles along his way.

 Acting ability – ability to go down to the

level of the lower strata, minor, squatter,
or even the level of the elite, noble or
professional.
 Timeliness – being prompt in doing his
assigned tasks will contribute much in giving
justice to the aggrieved party.
 Optimistic – positive thinking no matter how
difficult the situation is.
 Research oriented – this quality makes the
investigator go beyond the usual beliefs and
practice.
 Basic Qualification for Criminal Investigator

1. Filipino citizen, of good moral character and in

excellent physical and mental health.
2. Baccalaureate degree holder
3. First grade civil service eligible or Board passer.
4. No pending criminal, civil or administrative charges
and never convicted of any crime.
5. At least 5’5 in height for male, 5’3 for females.
6. Between 25 to 35 years old
7. With a general weighted average of 84% in TOR,
without any failing grade.
8. Vision with normal range.
9. No tattoo marks or pierced ears.
 Tools of Investigation

1. Information
 It is the knowledge, which the
investigator gathered, and acquired from
other person, through observation,
personal study, research, experience and
etc..
a. Regular sources
 these are records and files from schools
and police.

b. Cultivated sources
 these are information coming from informers
and informants.

c. Grapevine sources
 these are information coming from
underworld people such as criminals,
prisoners, and ex-convict.
2. Interview, Interrogation

 Interview – simple questioning of a

person who is usually cooperating the
investigator.

 Interrogation – it is a vigorous
questioning of a person who is reluctant
to divulge information.
3. Instrumentation

 It refers to the application of instruments

and methods of physical science in the
detection of crime such as dactyloscopy,
photography, ballistics, questioned
document examination, polygraphy and
legal medicine.
 It is also known as Criminalistics.
 Qualities of a Good Interviewer

1. Rapport

 It is a good and harmonious relationship

between interviewer and interviewee that
is necessary in order that the latter will
tell the former all useful and factual
information he knows.
2. Strong and Forceful Personality

 The interviewer must have a forceful

personality which can be shown in
appearance, communication techniques
and force of his language.
3. Knowledge of Human Behavior

 This can help the interviewer to gauge

the character and intelligence of his
interviewee
4. Conversational tone of voice

 The tone of voice of the interviewer

should be conversational not
confrontational.
5. Breadth of Interest

 The interviewee should have a broad

practical knowledge of almost everything
to build common interest between him an
his interviewee in order to have a good
flow of communication and
understanding.
6. Good Actor

 He should know how to use the power of

persuasion by being a good actor,
salesman and psychologist.
7. Humility

 He must be humble and courteous to the

interviewee.
 Interview Format

 Identity – before to start the interview,

the interviewer should identify himself
first by telling his name, rank, and
agency.

 Rapport – this will serve as a door for

overflowing information coming from the
subject.
 Opening statement – the investigator
should explain why the subject is being
interviewed.

 Narration – interviewee should be

allowed to talk and narrate whatever he
knows about the incident being
investigated with little interruption.
 Inquiry – after all the information have
been given by the interviewee, the
investigator can now ask clarificatory
details which are not clear for the
investigator.

 Conclusion – after the interview, the

investigator should thank the subject for
his cooperation.
 Tips in Interviewing

1.Only one question at a time.

2. Avoid question with implied answer.
3. Simple question
4. Saving faces
5. Avoid yes or no answer
6. Dominate the interview.
 Types of Subject Interviewed
according to attitudes

1. Suspicious type
 Fear must be removed and the
investigator must apply psychological
pressure, let him think that his non-
cooperation will work against him.
2. Know- Nothing type

 They are the hesitant type of witnesses.

They are usually found among the
illiterate group and of low level
intelligence.
3. Disinterested type

 This is the uncooperative and indifferent

type of subject that should be flattered
first so that they will talk eventually.
4. Drunken type

 The style of questioning should be

adopted to the psychology of the subject.
He should be flattered first in order to
encourage him to answer the questions
and to develop his interest.
5. Deceitful type

 This is the liar type of witness who

provide false and misleading
information.
6. Talkative type

 These are the exaggerated witness who

make additional irrelevant details of the
stories.
7. Honest type

 These are the cooperative and truthful

witness where the investigator can rely
upon, with little or no problem in handling
them.
8. Timid type

 This is the shy type of witness that

should be approached in a friendly way.
The investigator should explain to him
that his information will be treated with
highest confidentiality.
9. Boasting type

 These are the egocentric persons. The

investigator must be patient with them
because they will be good witness due to
their ability of expressing their accounts
in the commission of crimes.
 Interrogation

 It is the confrontational and vigorous

questioning of a person who is reluctant/
hesitant to divulge information.
 Purpose of Interrogation

1. To obtain a confession to the crime.

2. To induce the subject to make admission.
3. To know the details of other crimes where the
suspect participated.
4. To discover facts and circumstance
surrounding the offense.
5. To determine the identity of the accomplices.
6. To develop information which will lead to the
recovery of the fruits of the crime.
 Two types of Interrogation

1. Narrative type – this is good for a

cooperative subject who is willing to talk.

2. Question and Answer type – this is

preferable when the subject is timid.
 Ten useful tips in Interrogation

1. Dominate the interrogation.

2. Interrogation should be done at the office
of the investigator to have a psychological
advantage.
3. Control your temper unless it is a part of
a plan.
4. Never disclose your theory about the
case.
5. Avoid distracting mannerism.
6. Language to be used must be in the level
of subject’s mentality.
7. Civilian dress is more preferable.
8. Limit the number of persons present.
9. Never underestimate the subject.
10. Avoid clash of personality.
 The following are the suggested
requirements of an interrogation room

1. Proper seating arrangement

 There should be no intervening furniture

between the interrogator and the subject.
The chair should be armless while the table
must have flat surface for writing purposes.
2. Simple

 The room must be medium size, with

bare walls, no glaring light and minimum
number of furniture.
3. With Technical Aids

 There should be hidden recording and

listening apparatus inside the room. One
or two way mirror may also be installed
for complainants and witnesses to
observe and identify the subject.
4. With Privacy

 There must be only one door, no

windows or views, sound proof.
 Techniques of Interrogation

1. Stern Approaches

a. Pretense of Physical Evidence

 The investigator may pretend that there

are several strong evidences that the
forensic sciences have discovered and
proved pointing to the suspect.
b. Jolting

 This can be applied to a very nervous

suspect. The investigator will wait for the
right timing and suddenly shout to the
suspect. Letting the latter know that he is
at the top of his temper and very angry.
The suspect may be unnerved to the
extent of making a confession.
c. Indifference

 There are two or more investigators who

will intentionally discuss the case in the
presence of the suspect. They will
pretend trying their best how to attain
greatest conviction on the part of the
suspect with the maximum possible
penalty. The suspect will now worry and
he will ask the help of the investigators.
d. Questioning as a formality

 The investigator gives an impression that

he already knew about the fact of the
case and he is only asking the suspect
for consideration and as a matter of
following the procedures. When the
suspect gives an answer which is the
opposite of the investigator expectation,
the latter will pause for a moment, look at
his pad and shake his head ruefully.
Prolonged silence will work against the
suspect.
2. Creating/ Increasing the feeling of
Anxiety

a. By exaggerating fear
 The interrogator points out that there is
no perfect crime and the suspect cannot
win the case.
b. Affording an Opportunity to Lie

 The suspect will be allowed to tell everything

about himself, his whereabouts before and
after the commission of crimes including all
details of the case under investigation. After
a long interrogation where the suspects
gives inconsistent and lies, at a
psychological moment, investigator will shout
at the suspect, throw his pen and pad and
suddenly become indignant. The other
investigator will take advantage and talk to
the suspect privately and explain to him that
they can make things better by forgetting all
the details and getting down to simple
admission or confession.
c. Choice of greater/ lesser guilt

 Let the subject know about the grave

and lighter offenses that he committed
and the investigator pretend that he is
more interested with the lighter offense.
The subject will be afraid on the grave
accusation and he will surely choose the
lesser evil by confessing.
d. Line up method

 The suspect will join a group of five to

ten men where the complainants, victims
or witnesses will choose and point who
committed the crime. They are previously
coached as to who is the true perpetrator
and they will really insist that the suspect
is the criminal . At this point the suspect
will help himself by cooperating to the
investigator and ask some help from
latter.
e. Reverse Line Up

 The suspect is place in the line-up and

he is identified with numerous fictitious
offenses. He will become hopeless and
desperate that will result to his
confession just to escape from false and
malicious prosecution.
f. Bluff of Split Pair

 This is applicable when there are two or

more suspects. They are separated and
one is informed that the other has talked.
3. Friendly Approach

a. Shifting the Blame

 The blame should be shift to outside

factors and not dealing with a person
who is a criminal by nature and choice.
b. Role of “Mutt & Jeff”

 This is form of a friendly approach

wherein one investigator will act stiffly so
that the subject will feel guilty and
punished while the other investigator will
be kind-hearted who will later plea for the
cooperation of the subject while the other
investigator is away.
4. Emotional Appeal

 The investigator must be a good actor

and psychologist to be able to analyzed
the personality of the subject within a
short period of time. He must listen to the
unfortunate situation of the subject and
eventually offer friendship and acts of
kindness to win his cooperation.
 This is also known as Sympathetic
Approach.
 Physiological Symptoms of Guilt

 Sweating

 Perspiring hands indicate tensions while

pale color of the face indicates fear/
shock.
 Color change

 Flushing face may indicate anger,

extreme nervousness/ embarrassment
but not necessarily guilt. A pale face is a
more reliable symptoms of guilt.
 Dry mouth

 Swallowing, wetting of the lips, and

thirst are some of the indications of great
nervous tensions which are reliable
symptoms of deception.
 Pulse

 The pulse beat is observable. An

increase in the rate of the heartbeat is an
indication of deception.
 Breathing

 Deception is indicated by an effort to

control breathing during sensitive and
critical questions.
 THREE PHASES OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION

1. IDENTIFYING THE SUSPECT

2. LOCATING THE SUSPECT
3. GATHERING OF EVIDENCE
1. IDENTIFYING THE SUSPECT

 By confession and admission of the

suspect himself
 By testimony of eyewitness
 By circumstantial evidence
 By associative evidence
 By means of Modus Operandi
 Confession

 It is the declaration of an accused

acknowledging his guilt of an offense
charged.
 Admission

 It is a voluntary acknowledgement made

by a party of the existence of the truth of
a certain facts which are inconsistent
with his claims in an action.
 Distinction Between Admission and
Confession

 Admission
 Acknowledgment of a fact;
 Insufficient to convict a person

 Confession
 Acknowledgement of guilt;
 Sufficient to convict a person
 Classifications of Admission

a. Express – It is a positive statement or

act.

b. Implied – It is one which may be inferred

from the declarations or acts of a person.

c. Judicial – It is made in the course of a

judicial proceeding.
d. Extra-Judicial
It is made out of court or even in a
proceeding other than one under
consideration.

e. Adoptive
It occurs when a person manifests his
assent to the statements of another person.
Rules to be observed in taking Confession
or Admission
1. Confession or admission must be taken
preferably in writing and under oath, otherwise it
is not admissible as evidence.
2. It must be written in the language understood
by the accused, if not, it should be translated to
the language or dialect known to the accused.
3. It must be freely and voluntary given.
4. Under the 1987 Constitution, it must be taken
in presence of a lawyer chosen personally by
the accused.
 By testimony of Eyewitness
 Types of suspects identified by
Witness
1. Known
 these are malefactors whose pictures
are available from police files and
records.

2. Unknown
 these are malefactors whose
identification are furnished by an
eyewitness only.
 Methods of identification by witness

1. Verbal Description – the witness will

describe the facial features of the
malefactor.

2. Rogue’s Gallery – the investigator will

show to the witness photographs of
criminals available to the police.
3. Cartographic Sketching

 The investigator/ trained sketcher will

draw a face based on the description to
be given by the victim, complainant or
witness.
4. Police Line Up

 There will be group of 5 to 10 persons,

one of those is the suspect whom the
witness will pinpoint and tell to the
investigator who committed the offense.
 Factors that affect the accuracy of
identification by eyewitness.

1. Visibility – it refers to the prevailing

visibility during the time of the commission
of the offense in the crime scene.
2. Time - it deals with the lapse of time
between the violations and the identification
was made.

3. Retention – it is the ability of the witness

to positively identify and remember how the
criminal looks like.
 By Circumstantial Evidence

 Is an evidence which indirectly proves a

fact in issue through inference which the
fact- finder draws from the evidence
established.
Under section 4, Rule 133 of the Rule of
Court, circumstantial evidence would be
sufficient to convict the offender “if”

i. There is more than one circumstances.

ii. The facts from which the inference is
derived are proven.
iii. The combination of all circumstances is
such as to produce a conviction
beyond reasonable doubt.
 Sources of Circumstantial evidence

1. Intent – it is the accomplishment of the

act.

2. Motive – it is what induces a criminal to

act.

3. Opportunity – it is the physical

possibility that the suspect could have
committed the crime.
 By Associative Evidence

 It is a physical evidence which may

identify the criminal by means of
personal properties, characteristics and
clues.
 By means of modus operandi

 It refers to the unique way of a criminal in

committing a crime.

 It is also defined as a recognizable

pattern which helps the investigator in
the solution of the offense.
2. LOCATING THE SUSPECT
 Through the use of Informants/
Informer

Informants – refers to a person who gives

information to the investigator without any
consideration, reward or promise.

Informers – a person who gives information

to the investigator in consideration of price,
reward or promise.
 Types of Informants

1. Rival Elimination Informant – usually

anonymous and his purpose is to eliminate
rivals or competitors.

2. Anonymous Informant – those who

gives information through telephone call
with the hope that the informant cannot be
identified.
3. False Informant – reveals information
usually of no consequences, or stuff concocted
in thin air.

4. Self Aggrandizing Informant – hangs about

the fringe of underworld and delight in surprising
the police with choice bits of information.

5. Mercenary Informant – has something to

sell. He may be of value but revenge motive is
present as a proof in selling the information.
6. Operational/ Legitimate – includes
those operators of licensed premises who
do not want their place of business to
become the hangout of dangerous
criminals.

7. Secret/ Confidential – one who provides

the investigator with confidential information
about a crime or about the actual or
potential tendency of an individual or group
to commit a crime.
8. Woman Informant – may be a female
associate of any criminal. She may be able
to give valuable information and is not
suspected by the criminal boyfriend, but
beware female species are more deadly
than male for she can always change her
mind.

9. Double Crosser Informant – uses his

seeming desire to give information as an
excuse to talk to the police in order to get
more information from them than he gives.
 Motives of Informant

 Competition
 Civic mindedness
 Revenge
 Vanity
 Remuneration
 Gratitude and Gain
 Fear
 Jealousy
 Repentance
 Avoidance of punishment
 Through Surveillance

 It is a disguise or secret observation of

persons, places and vehicles for the
purpose of obtaining information
regarding the identity or activity of the
subject.
 Surveillant – he is the person who
disguises or observes secretly the
persons, places or vehicles for the
purpose of obtaining information.

 Subject – it refers to the person, places,

or vehicles being watch.
 Objectives of Surveillance

1. To discern the attitude and habit of those

people who live or stay in the crime prone area.
2. To discover the identities of those who
usually committed crimes in a particular crime
prone areas.
3. To prevent the commission of a crime.
4. To detect criminal activities.
5. To gather evidence.
6. To arrest those law violators in flagrante
delicto.
 Types of Surveillance

1. Overt – gathering of information or

documents openly without regard whether
the subject or target becomes
knowledgeable of the purpose.

2. Covert – it refers to a secret collection of

raw information without the knowledge of
the subject.
 Kinds of Surveillance

a. Tailing or Shadowing
Loose tail – This is used when the surveillant
would like to know the general impression of
the subject’s habits and associate.

Rough tail – This could be done without

special precaution since the subject is aware
that he/she is being followed.

Closed tail – This is done with so much

precaution from losing the subject where
constant surveillance is necessary.
b. Casing or Reconnaissance

 It is the surveillance of building, place or

area to determine its suitability and
vulnerability in operations.
c. Undercover Assignment

 It is an investigative technique in which

agent conceal his official identity to obtain
information from the target or subject.
3. GATHERING OF EVIDENCE

 Evidence
 It is a means sanctioned by the
Revised Rules of Court, of ascertaining
in a judicial proceeding the truth
respecting a matter of fact.
 Proof

 The result or the effect of evidence.

 Classification of Evidence

1. Object or Real or Autoptic evidence -

one which directly addressed to the senses
of the court and consist of tangible things
exhibited in court.

2. Testimonial Evidence – one which is

submitted in court through the testimony or
deposition of a witness.
3. Relevant Evidence – evidence having
any value in reason as tending to prove any
matter provable in an action.

4. Material Evidence – evidence directed

to prove a fact in issue as determined by
the rules of substantive law and pleading.
5. Competent Evidence – evidence that is
not excluded by the rules, statute or the
Constitution.

6. Direct Evidence – that which proves the

fact in dispute without the aid of any
inference or presumption.
7. Circumstantial Evidence – the proof of
fact or facts from which, taken either singly
or collectively, the existence of the particular
fact in dispute may be inferred as a
necessary or provable consequence.

8. Cumulative Evidence – evidence of the

same kind and to the same state of facts.
9. Corroborative Evidence – additional
evidence of a different character to the
same point of facts.

10. Expert Evidence – the testimony of one

possessing in regard to a particular subject
or department of human activity, knowledge
not usually acquired by other persons.
11. Prima Facie Evidence – that which
standing alone, unexplained or
uncontradicted, in sufficient to maintain the
proposition affirmed.

12. Primary Evidence – that which the law

regards as affording the greatest certainty of
the fact in question.
13. Secondary Evidence – that which is
inferior to the primary evidence and is
permitted only when the best evidence is
not available.

14. Positive Evidence – when a witness

affirms that the fact did or did not occur.
15. Negative Evidence – when a witness
states he did not see or know of the
occurrence of the fact.

16. Documentary Evidence – it consists of

writings or any material containing letters,
words, numbers, figures, symbols or other
modes of written expressions offered as
proof as their contents.
17. Electronic Evidence – document or
information received, recorded, transmitted,
stored, processed or produced
electronically.

18. Forgotten Evidence – evidence which

was not presented in court because of
oversight or forgetfulness of a party or
counsel.
19. Exculpatory Evidence – that evidence
which will excuse a person from an alleged
fault or crime.

20. Evidence Aliunde - evidence from

outside or another source.
21. Inculpatory Evidence – are evidence
which has the tendency to implicate or
incriminate a person.

22. Self serving Evidence – one made by

the party to favor his own interest. It is one
made by a party out of court.
23. Opinion Evidence – evidence given by
an ordinary person regarding of what he
thinks.

24. Rebuttal Evidence – evidence that will

contradict the other party’s evidence.
 Crime Scene Investigation

 It is the investigation conducted by the

investigator or group of investigator in the
area where the crime is committed.
 Golden Rule at the Crime Scene

 Never touch or move any object in the

crime scene unless sketching,
photographing and measuring are
completely and thoroughly done.
 Other Rules to be observed by the
investigator upon arrival at the crime scene

1. Identify and if possible, retain for questioning

the person who first notified the police.
2. Determine the malefactor/ perpetrator by
direct inquiry or observe him, if identity is
immediately apparent.
3. Detain all person present at the crime scene.
4. Summon assistance if necessary.
5. Cordon the area.
6. Permit only authorized person to enter
the crime scene.
7. Separate the witness to obtain
independent statement.
8. Assign the duties of searching if
assistants are present.
 Investigation Teams and their duties

1. Team leader – the head of the team who

assigns the responsibilities of each member
like searching, sketching, note taking etc.

2. Assistant Team leader – implements

orders of the team leader and acts as OIC
in case of absence of the latter.
3. Technicians – those who possessed
special skills and knowledge that may be
applied in the crime scene depending on
the needs like medico legal officer, chemist,
ballisticians, dactylographer and etc.

4. Utility men – are those assigned in the

cordoning and isolating the crime scene
from unauthorized person.
5. Sketcher – one who makes the rough
sketch of the crime scene and eventually
the finished sketch.

6. Photographer – he is the one who

photographs the whole crime scene and
pieces of evidence.
7. Measurer – he makes all measurement
of the crime scene.

8. Evidence man – he collects, preserves

and tags every piece of evidence found at
the crime scene.

9. Master note taker – he writes down in

short hand the descriptions and
observations during the crime scene
search.
 Crime Scene Search

 It is the process conducted by the

investigator to discover and collect
evidence which have connection in the
crime committed.
 Methods of Crime Scene Search

1. Strip method

 The searchers (A, B, C) proceed slowly

at the same pace along the path parallel
to one side of the rectangle. At the end
of the rectangle, the searchers turn and
proceed back along new lanes but
parallel to the first movement.
2. Double Strip/ Grid method

 Modification of the strip method wherein

the rectangular crime scene is traversed
first parallel to the side.
3. Zone method

 The crime scene to be searched is

divided into four quadrants and each
searcher is assigned to every quadrant.
4. Wheel method

 The searchers gather at the center and

proceed outward along radii or spokes.
The principal drawback of this method is
that the distance between searchers
increase as they depart from the center.
5. Spiral method

 The searchers follow each other in the

path of a spiral, beginning in the outside
and spiralling in towards the center of
the crime scene.
 Equipments used in the Crime Scene
Search

1. Searching tools like flashlight and

magnifying glass.
2. Sketching instruments such as
measuring device like ruler, steel tape and
compass. Recording materials like paper,
pen, graphing pad and chalk.
3. Collection of evidence tools such as
fingerprint kit, drooper, knife, fliers, screw
drivers and etc.
4. Preservation of evidence materials such
as containers like test tubes, envelope,
bottles and etc. Label and seal like
evidence tags, sealing wax, gummed labels
and grease pencil.
 Photographing the Crime Scene

Photography

 Is an art of producing an image through

the action of light with the aid of a
camera and chemical process therein.
  Three Major Types of Pictorial Views

1. Long-range/ General Photographs

2. Mid-range Photographs

3. Close-up-range Photographs
 Long-range Photographs

 Photographs that show general view of a

crime scene.
 Mid-range Photographs

 Photograph that shows general view of a

subject/object in a crime scene

 Photographs taken from 8 to 10 feet from

subject.
 Close-up range Photographs

 Photographs that show details of a

subject.
 The following are the minimum
requirements to be observed by the
investigator so that photographs will be
admissible as evidence in court.

1. The object which is represented should

not be immaterial and irrelevant.
2. The photograph should not unduly incite
prejudice or sympathy.
3. The photograph should be free from
distortion.
 Sketch

 It is the simplest and most effective way

of showing actual measurements and
identifying significant items of evidence in
their location at the crime scene.
 Kinds of Sketch

1. Rough Sketch

 This is made by the sketcher/

investigator at the scene. Everything is
approximated including scale and
proportion. It is used as a basis of the
finished ketch.
2. Finished Sketch

 Scale and proportion is observed

because this is made for courtroom
presentation.
 Object of Sketching by the Police

1. Sketch of Locality

 This provides for the view of the crime

scene and its environment, including
roads, neighboring buildings, location of
house etc.
2. Sketch of Grounds

 It includes the crime scene together with

its nearest physical surroundings like a
house with garden.
3. Sketch of Details

 It describes the immediate scene only

where the crime was committed such as
the room of the victim and the essentials
details thereof.
 Elements of Sketching

1.Title

 It includes case identification, scene

portrayed, location, date, hour made,
identification of victim and the name of
sketch.
2. Legend
 This refers to the explanation of the
different symbols that can be found in the
sketch.

3. Compass Direction
 This is necessary to determine the north
of the crime scene in order to facilitate
proper orientation.
4. Scale and Proportion

 The scale of the drawing depends on

the area and amount of details to be
shown and the size of the drawing paper
available.
5. Essential Items
 These are the necessary details that
should be indicated in the sketch.

6. Measurements
 This is should be accurate up to last
inches.
Don’ts in making a Sketch of the Crime
Scene

1. Do not forget the direction of the

compass.

2. Do not rely on others to give the

measurements. It should be done by the
measurer personally.
3. Do not include things which are irrelevant
in the case because it will make the sketch
more crowded. Simplicity is the advantage
of sketch over photograph since the latter is
usually over crowded.

4. Do not rely on memory to make

correction at the headquarters only.

5. Do not forget to draw the scale on the

sketch because it is very imperative
especially in finished sketch.
 Crime Scene Reconstruction

 Is the determination of the appearance

of the crime scene, place of objects and
circumstances to determine what actually
occurred.
 Kinds of Reconstructing the Crime
Scene

1. Physical Reconstruction

 It is based on the physical appearance

of the crime scene mainly focused on the
pieces of physical evidence.
2. Mental Reconstruction

 Conclusion could be formulated based

on the physical reconstruction taking into
account all available pieces of evidence.
 Physical Evidence

 These are articles and materials which

are found at the crime scene in
connection with an investigation and
which aid in establishing the identity of
the perpetrator or the circumstances
under which the crime was committed or
which in general, assist the prosecution
of criminals.
 Three kinds of Physical Evidence

1. Corpus delicti – these are articles that

are essential parts of the body of the crime.

2. Associative evidence – these are

materials which link the suspect to the
offense committed.

3. Tracing evidence – these are objects

which assist the investigator in locating the
malefactor.
 Methods of collecting specific
Physical Evidence
Blood

a. If in fluid condition, it should be removed

with the used of an eye drooper and placed
it in a test tube. Saline solution should be
added in an amount about 1/5 that of blood.

b. If found in clothing, the area is cut, dried

and placed between white sheets of paper
and transmitted in an appropriate container.
Fingerprint

a. In a piece of paper, the paper should be

handled with tongs and placed where the
size permits or into cellophane envelops. It
should not be folded unless it is very large
and then only in existing lines.

b. In bottles/ glasses, these can be placed

over a peg imbedded on a board. Small
crates can be built for its additional
protection.
Bullets and Fire cases

These must be placed in separate small

boxes and surrounded by cottons.
Firearms, knives and Tools

These types of articles can be secured by

means strings passing through perforations.
Hairs and Fibers

It should be picked up with the used of

forceps, wrapped loosely in a filter paper
and placed in the pillbox or envelop.
 Rules to be observed before Physical
evidence can be introduced into the
Court

1. The evidence should be material,

relevant and competent.
2. The objects must be properly identified.
3. Proper chain of custody must be shown
and proved.
 Chain of Custody

 It refers to the number of persons who

handled the evidence from the time of its
discovery up to ultimate disposition of the
case.
 Records attached for every transfer of custody of
Physical evidence

1. Complete description of evidential items including the

size, color, serial number, and other identifying data.
2. Date the evidence was received.
3. Person or place from whom or at which received.
4. File number of the case.
5. Persons who received the evidence.
6. Signature of the officer in control of the evidence
room.
7. Title of the case.
8. Disposition.
 Alteration of Evidence

 It is the act of mutilating, altering, and

contaminating physical evidence.
1. Intentional damage – evidence should
be protected against malicious destruction.

2. Negligence or Accident – utmost care

against accidental markings on documents,
breakage and destruction of fragile
materials should be observed.

3. Natural cause – exposure of some

evidence to high temperature and humidity
may result to deterioration of evidence.
RAID
it is defined as a surprise invasion of an
area or a building.
Purpose of Raid

1. To effect an apprehension.
2. To gather evidence of an illegal activity by
surprising in flagrante delicto.
3. To recover stolen property.
Composition and Assignment of Raiding
Team

1. Raid Commander
He also known as the Team Leader who
is responsible is supervising all the function
and operations of his members.
2. Assistant Raid Commander
He is the second in command who
usually relay the instruction of the raid
commander to the personnel.

3. Other Personnel
They are the members of the team who
carry out the mission of the raid.
 Thank you for
listening..
God bless you all..