Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Huffman, 2005
Anal Stage
18 months-3 years—the child receives
satisfaction by having and retaining bowel
movements. Erogenous zone is the anus.
Fixation results in retentive or explosive
personality
Anal-retentive—highly controlled,
compulsively neat
Anal-explosive—messy, disorderly,
rebellious, and destructive
Huffman, 2005
Phallic Stage
3-6 years—center of pleasure is the genitals,
typically a time of exploration of pleasure
through masturbation and “playing doctor”
Child resolves the Oedipus Complex—(the
period of conflict during the phallic stage when
children are sexually attracted to the opposite-sex
parent and hostile toward the same-sex parent
Castration anxiety in males and penis envy in
girls
Huffman, 2005
Latency Stage
Age 6 to puberty—children repress sexual
thoughts and engage in nonsexual
activities such as developing social and
intellectual skills
Task is to develop successful interactions
with same-sex peers and refine appropriate
gender roles
Huffman, 2005
Genital Stage
Adolescence on—genitals are again the
erogenous zones.
Individual seeks to fulfill his or her sexual
desires through emotional attachment to
members of the opposite sex.
Unsuccessful outcomes lead to sexual
relationships based on lustful desires rather
than respect and commitment.
Huffman, 2005
The Structure of Personality
THE ID — The Demanding Child
– Ruled by the pleasure principle
THE EGO — The Traffic Cop
– Ruled by the reality principle
THE SUPEREGO — The Judge
– Ruled by the moral principle
Huffman, 2005
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Theories
Levels of consciousness
– Conscious—In Freudian terms, thoughts or
motives that a person is currently aware of or is
remembering
– Preconscious—Freud’s term for thoughts or
motives that one can become aware of easily
– Unconscious—Freud’s term for thoughts or
motives that lie beyond a person’s normal
awareness but that can be made available through
psychoanalysis.
Huffman, 2005
The Unconscious
Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:
– Dreams
– Slips of the tongue
– Posthypnotic suggestions
– Material derived from free-association
– Material derived from projective techniques
– Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms
NOTE: consciousness is only a thin slice of the
total mind
Huffman, 2005
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Repression—preventing painful or dangerous
thoughts from entering consciousness
Sublimation—Working off unmet desires or
unacceptable impulses in activities
Denial—Protecting oneself from an
unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it
Rationalization—Substituting socially
acceptable reasons
Huffman, 2005
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Intellectualization—Ignoring the emotional
aspects of a painful experience by focusing on
abstract thoughts, words or ideas
Projection—Transferring unacceptable
motives or impulses to others
Reaction formation—Refusing to
acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts or
feelings by exaggerating the opposite state
Huffman, 2005
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Regression—Responding to a threatening
situation in a way appropriate to an earlier
age or level of development
Displacement—Substituting a less
threatening object for the original object or
impulse
Huffman, 2005
Psychoanalytic Techniques
Free Association
– Client reports immediately without censoring any
feelings or thoughts
Interpretation
– Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the
meanings of whatever is revealed
Dream Analysis
– Therapist uses the “royal road to the unconscious” to
bring unconscious material to light