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A special case of acid attack is exposure to low-hardness aggressive water containing carbon dioxide. This water is able to convert calcium
carbonate into soluble calcium bicarbonate. The European Standard EN 206-1 speci- fies the criteria for aggressive water containing
carbon dioxide as shown in Table 3.1. The reaction of this aggressive water then reads as follows:
In general, organic acids are weaker than mineral acids. Nevertheless, acids such as acetic and lactic can seriously degrade concrete due
to their lime- complexing ability. Concrete attack by the highly acid extracts of corn has also attracted much attention over the past years.
The general pattern of this acid degradation of concrete is that it slowly dissolves the cement paste starting from the surface. The
aggregates usually degrade less quickly than the cement paste. After some time, these aggregates are no longer embedded in the cement
paste. Sometimes, the aggregate itself is also degraded.
Ekstrak Jagung
Asam Laktat
Asam Asetat
3.2.2 Degradation of cements by salts
3.2.2.3 Fertilizers/nutritients
Greenhouse foundations are mostly made of
3.2.2.1 Ammonium Salts
concrete. They consist of small precast
The ammonium ion (NH+4) is quite innocent concrete piles embedded in concrete poured
in itself. However, the cation is always found in situ as shown in Fig. 3.2.
in combination with an anion and this anion
usually reacts with cement hydrates. As Steel
column
calcium salts are formed, the ammonium ion Evapora
tion
4
Plant
changes to and is released as gaseous nourish-–
–
ammonia. The release of ammonia shifts the Deterior
ment+
NH4 NO –
solution
K+ 3
reaction to the right, as shown, for instance, ated Mg++ SO4
Ground
zone
in the reaction with ammonium nitrate: level Pile
Pour
CSHgel + 2NH4NO3 Æ Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3≠ + SiO2 + H2O
±
400
Sulphate Attack
Thaumasite
Salt Weathering
3.2.3.1
3.2.3.2
3.2.3.3
3.2.3.4
3.2.3.1 Sulphate Attack Foundations of high voltage poles
The environment of the affected concrete foundations appears to be
fairly aggressive, mainly due to the use of liquid manure which, as
Mechanism discussed in the previous section, can contain rather high quantities
of salts. A possi- ble cause of damage can be suction of water
When sulphate ions penetrate pore systems
containing sulphates originat- ing from liquid manure. The water
by absorption of water containing sulphate or
containing salt is transported through the capillary pores to the
by diffusion, they can react with the free lime
ground level where the water evaporates and the salts remain, as
present in the concrete and form gypsum
shown in Fig. 3.4.1 Ettringite can be formed because of sulphate
according to the following reaction
accumulation. However, in some cases there were also signs that
simultaneous degradation of the cement paste could occur due to
cations exchanging with those ions in the
Subsequently, this gypsum reacts with calcium silicate hydrate gel. Furthermore, an
calcium aluminate hydrates to form ettringite: alkali–silica reaction of the aggregates was
also suspected in some cases (see Section
3.2.4).