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Basics of Networking

Networking began its infancy in the mid -1960¶s.

by the US Department of Defence (DoD).

The original intention of networking was being

developed to withstand a nuclear war.

Telephone networks were to vulnerable and would

terminate all conversations should a nuclear war
occur.
Basics of Networking

You wake up at 3 a.m. to go to the bathroom and

stop and check your e-mail on the way back to bed.
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h
h (hdvanced esearch
rojects hgency)

was created in response with the launching of the
Sputnik in 1957.
h
h decided that a DoD network should be packet-
switched networked consisting of a subnet and
host computers.
Experimental network research was awarded to
UCLh UCSB S  and Univ. of Utha in 1969. These
areas were because they all had a large number
of h
h contracts.
Basics of Networking

These 4 universities also had different and completely

incompatible host computers.

h
hNET protocols were not suitable for running over

multiple networks so TC

model and protocols
were invented in 1974.

h
h awarded several other contracts and specifically

Univ.. of California at Berkeley to integrate the
protocols with the Berkeley UN.
 Basics of Networking

Berkeley developed a convenient program interface

to the network and wrote many applications utility
and management programs to make networking easier.

n it early infancy the OS protocols were crushed and

the TC

protocols were already in widespread use.

The OS Model had seven layers because at the time

BM had a propriety seven -layer protocol called
SNh (Systems Network hrchitecture).
Basics of Networking

ht the time BM dominated the computer companies

and every was scared to death that BM would use
its clout to force everyone to use SNh.

The OS was to be produced like an BM-reference

model.

The OS model became the world standard and was

not controlled by one company but by a neutral
organization SO (nternational Standards hssociation).
Basics of Networking

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Basics of Networking

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Basics of Networking

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Basics of Networking

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Basics of Networking

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Basics of Networking

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Basics of etworking

The seven layers of the OS Model are:

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Basics of Networking

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n networking 
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osts or Nodes.

When looking at network cables there are

2 types that affect nodes. They are:
Basics of Networking

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Basics of Networking

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Basics of Networking

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The data link layer takes raw transmission and

transform it into a line that appears free of
transmission errors in the network layer.

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The network layer is concerned with controlling
the operation of the subnet. h OUTE is used to
determining how packets are routed from source
to destination.

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Every machine on the nternet has a unique

identifying number called an 
hddress.

h typical 
address looks like this:

216.27.61.137

But computers communicate in binary form.

Basics of Networking

The same 
address in binary:

11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001

216.27.61.137
Basics of Networking

f you add all the positions together you get 32

which is why 
addresses are considered
32-bit numbers

11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001

Combine the four octets and you get 232 or a possible

49496796 unique values.
Basics of Networking

'- - This class is for very large networks

such as a major international company might have.

addresses with a first octet from 1 to 16 are
part of this class.
Basics of Networking

' - This class is used for medium-sized networks.

h good example is a large college campus.

addresses with a first octet from 18 to 191
are part of this class. Class B addresses also include
the second octet as part of the Net identifier.
Basics of Networking

'' - Class C addresses are commonly used for

small to mid-size businesses. 
addresses
with a first octet from 19 to 3 are part of this
class. Class C addresses also include the second
and third octets as part of the Net identifier.
Basics of Networking


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Basics of Networking

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The transport layer D ECTS
hCETS´ splits it up into

smaller units if need be pass these to the network
and ensure that the pieces are travelling in an
orderly fashion.

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The session layer allows different machines to

establish sessions between themselves.

 

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The
resentation Layer¶s job is managing data
structures and converting from the representation
used inside the computer to the network standard
representation an visa versa.
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The hpplication layer contains a variety of protocols
that are commonly required.

hnother hpplication layer function is file transfer.

Different file systems have different file naming

conventions different ways of representing text lines
and so on.
Transferring a file between two different systems
requires handling and other incompatibilities.
Basics of Networking

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