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Management
An Ecosystem Management Process
Step 1. Select an ecologically meaningful unit (e.g. an ecoregion, a
landscape, a watershed, etc.)
Step 5. Monitor
How do we construct a range of
management alternatives?
1. “No Action” alternative – required by NEPA
2. A range of alternatives that varies by the extent or
intensity of actions proposed
• Slight action
• Moderate action
• Extreme action
3. Alternatives that tradeoff multiple objectives in
varying combinations
4. Alternatives proposed by interest groups or
constituencies
Sewing Together a
Functional Landscape:
Overlaid on
Vertebrate species
distributions: picture
is bat diversity in
Washington state from
WA Gap Project
Overlaid on
maps of
protected areas
Result: Biologically important areas
left out of protected areas system are
recommended for future protection
Marine Protected Areas of the World
Hawaiian Islands National Marine Monument:
• Largest marine reserve in the world
• 140,000 sq. miles
Protected Areas for
Individual
Commercial Fish
Species
Protected Areas
as Population
“Sources” for
entire
commercial
fisheries
Nodes and MUMs (Noss and Harris 1986)
Buffer
Buffer
•
Buffers
Standards and guidelines prescribe management actions and policies
that maintain habitat features and connectivity around core.
• Buffers often exist on paper but mean little in reality due to lack
enforcement or conflicts with local communities, land tenure, etc.
Examples
• UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme Biosphere reserves
– Yellowstone, Olympic National Park, Smokey Mountains National Park
Is it working?
Cons
• Some terrestrial species won’t use them.
• They don’t entirely link together headwater areas or
provide lateral linkages in lowland areas they don’t
always connect the core area you need connected!
Connectivity: Have to think about
aquatic ecosystem connectivity too!
Non-corridor Connectivity Approaches
• Provide a variety of habitats structures across the landscape and in
intervening areas between core reserves.
Wetland
Restoration
Restoration Areas
Restoration is the return of a degraded ecosystem to a close
approximation of its remaining natural potential.
Matrix
Matrix
• Matrix provides the primary area for intensive resource use, including
extractive uses and more intensive recreational development.
Buffer
Riparian
Restoration
Wetland
Restoration
Matrix Large
Core
Reserve
Intensively modified
areas/urban/low potential Buffer
Where will the functional
landscape approach work?
• The functional landscape approach will involve a
range of strategies depending on context.
http://nature.org/aboutus/projects/forestbank/
Fostering Sense of Place
Regulation, Subsidies, or
Acquisition?