Chemical Bonds

Write the electron arrangements of the



atomsand determine which are metal.

1)Helium
2)Argon
3)Potassium
4)Magnesium
5)Fluorine
6)Nitrogen
7)Carbon
8)Oxygen
Both elements are duplet/ octet  stable

2 2.8.8
 Both elements are metal

2.8.8.1 2.8.2
2.7 2.5
2.4 2.6
How the element can achieve stability like


nobel gases???


Ø Form compound which are chemically

bonded together

Conditions for formation of
chemical bonds
Atoms of other elements can achieve the


stable duplet/ octet arrangement through:

Ø transfer of electrons
Ø sharing of electrons

Types of chemical bonds

There are two types of chemical bonds



Ø ionic bonds
Ø covalent bonds

Types of chemical bonds

There are two types of chemical bonds

Ø ionic bonds
 - formed when atoms are joined
together by transferring electrons
between atoms of metal and non-metal
Ø covalent bonds
 - formed when atoms are joined
together by sharing electrons between
atoms of non-metal

Ionic Bonds

Form through the transfer of electrons



between atoms of metal and non-metal to

achieve the stable duplet/ octet electron
arrangement.

Ionic Bonds
1)Formation of cations
X Xn+ + ne - 

Example:


 +
Donate one e-

2.1 2
Lithium atom, K Lithium ion, K+
Charge of 3 p = +3 Charge of 3 p = +3
Charge of 3 e- = -3 Charge of 3 e- = -2
Total charge = 0 Total charge = +1
Ionic Bonds
2) Formation of anions


Y+ ne-  Yn- 

Example:


 -
Accept one e-

2.7
Chlorine atom, Cl
Charge of 3 p = +7
Charge of 3 e- = -7
Total charge = 0
2.8
Chlorine ion, Cl-
Charge of 3 p = +7
Charge of 3 e- = -8
Total charge = -1
Try This!!!

a)Calcium, Ca has a proton number of 20.

Write the formula of calcium ion.
b)
c)A particle M has 16 protons and 18
electrons. Determine whether M is a
positive ion or negative ion, and then
write the formula for the ion.

 Formation of ionic bonds
 Example: Formation of sodium chloride


Electron transfer


2.8.1 2.7
Sodium atom, Na Chlorine atom, Cl
Formation of ionic bonds

2.8.1 2.7
Sodium atom, Na Chlorine atom, Cl

+ -

2.8 2.8
Sodium ion, Na+ Chlorine ion, Cl-
 Formation of ionic bonds
+ -

Formation of sodium chloride, NaCl

ØThe positive ions (cation) and negative ion (anion)

are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic force
of attraction
Try This!!!

Draw the electron arrangement of the



compound below.
a)Magnesium oxide, MgO
b)Potassium Iodide

Covalent Bonds
Form when non-metal atoms share


electron to achieve the stable duplet/

octet electron arrangement.


The non-metal atoms can be



a)Element from Group 15, 16 and 17

b)Carbon and silicon from Group 14
c)Hydrogen



Covalent Bonds
There are three types of covalent bonds


depending on the number of pairs of

electrons shared between two atoms.
Ø A pair of electrons – single covalent bond
Ø 2 pairs of electrons – double covalent
bond
Ø 3 pairs of electrons – triple covalent bond



Formation of single covalent bonds
Formation of chlorine molecule, Cl2

2.7
Chlorine atom, Cl

2.8
Chlorine molecule, Cl2

◦◦ ××
×◦
××

Lewis structure: Cl Cl or Cl – Cl
◦◦

◦◦ ××
 Formation of double covalent bonds

Formation of carbon dioxide, CO2

2.6 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.8

Oxygen atom, O Carbon atom, O Carbon dioxide molecule, O2

Lewis structure:
 Formation of Triple covalent bonds

Formation of Nitrogen molecule, N2

2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8

Nitrogen atom, N Nitrogen atom, O Nitrogen molecule, N2
×××
◦◦◦

Lewis structure: N N or N = N
××
◦◦
Try This!!!

Draw the electron arrangement of the



compound below.
a)Water, H2O
b)Oxygen molecule, O2
c)
